There is no such thing as a rational decision. Discuss this assertion, Essay

There is no such thing as a apt decision. Discuss this assertion, and c arefully dislodge the arguments and claims that you m - Essay ExampleThis study aims at discussing logical decision-making and its existence from the roots. In order to throw light on every dimension of wise decision-making, the discussion would begin from understanding rationality, and will further assist in understanding what does rational decision signify. It will also include what elements assist 1 in understanding that the particular decision is rational enough. Apart from this, theories in relation to types of rationality would be discussed. The conditions considered for effective decision-making need to be understood in order to conduct a comprehensive analysis for stating whether rational decisions exist or it is just a myth. Rationality is considered to be a normative concept, which signifies every belief, desire or action. It signifies any conviction or concept, which is derived through proper reas oning (Adler, 1991). Rationality can be considered the characteristics of decisions which are supported by motives. sludge weber, a German sociologist proposed a theory of rationality, which explains four types of rationality. The first type of rationality put forward by him is purposive or instrumental rationality. This explains the outlook regarding the behavior of the other objects and the human beings present in the society. The second type of rationality is value or belief oriented. In this case the action is fabricated to be essential for the person, such as ethics, religion, motives, etc. The third type of rationality is affectual, which assist in determining the specific affect of emotions or feelings. Weber considered this type of rationality to be meaningfully oriented rationality. The fourth type was habituation, which is traditional. Weber emphasized on these four types of rationality because he considered rationality and rational decision making to be the outcome of one of these types or a combination of these types of rationality stated by him. However, Webers point of becharm for rationality has been criticized by Habermansian, whose proposed theory was devoid of any social power or context, whereas Webers theory of rationality was strongly supported by values and power (Berg, & Hoffrage, 2004). A rational decision-maker actually chooses among the different alternatives or courses of action that are based on the ability of the decision-maker. This is because this process includes rational decisions that are not only backed by reasons but are also appropriate enough for achieving goals, and solving problems. While discussing the concept of rational decision-making, elements like rational choice and rational behavior of individuals needs to be also discussed. Rational choices are considered to be economic principles which are assumed to be made by those individuals who make logical and prudent decisions that benefit them and provide them satis faction. This concept of rational decision-making is based on the rational choice theory. Rational behavior is the decision-making procedure which depends on the choices that would offer optimum level of utility or benefit. According to conventional theories of economics all those individuals who take part in any activity or action are rational. Rational decision does not always assist in generating profit because it is considered that sometimes

Business and Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Business and Society - Assignment ExampleGrowth of industries and corporations in the modern world garters to generate greater employment opportunities and increases the per capita income level of individuals (Elliot, 2011). Thus, the corporations help to shape up economic welfare of the individuals. Corporate genial activities of the modern organizations help to improve the quality of environment and society. However, these companies often utilize their own financial power for manipulating the policies established by the regulatory authorities (Langeland, 2013). Such activities are conducted finished the lobbying practices of the corporations. Thus, industries and corporations in the modern era possess the power to shape the political, social, cultural and economical aspects of the world.Most of the corporations try to maximize their profitability and revenue in business. However, anomalous strategies of some companies create significant impact on the social and economic environ ment of some individuals. For instance, Ben & Jerry, a general ice cream company of join States provides extensive attention on social and environmental improvement aspects (Roach, 2007). In 2001, the company had used all unbleached paperboard pints for packaging purposes. In its popular One Sweet Whirled crusade, the company tried to address over the issue of global climatic change. Such social responsibility related activities of Ben & Jerry helps to improve the social and net welfare across different economies (Roach, 2007). Giant multinational companies such as Apple Inc., generates employment opportunities for thousands of individuals. However, lobbying practices of the multinational companies diminishes social welfare. Companies like Samsung spend nigh $900,000 for manipulating the telecommunication property rights related regulations introduced by the Federal government (Langeland, 2013).Business, government and society are three highly interrelated factors in the current epoch.

Professional Abilities Essay Example for Free

skipper Abilities EssayThere are several organizations for each professional for example teachers, sociable trifleers, accountants and business owners just to name a few. Then there are sororities and fraternities which consist of all of these professionals in one melting pot. The professional organization which I will describe in the paper is the National Association for the teaching of Young Children (NAEYC). As an employee in a Child Care Facility existence apart of this organization can help improve my career if I choose to become the director in a few months. The following split describes the history of the organization and what it has done for the early childhood program. As a mother of 5 with 4 attending give instruction in the public school organization this organization is in the public eye and moving forward with efforts to improve the early childhood system and help teachers, parents and congress to understand how essential our childrens education should be to us.I can join this organization and help to change laws that can have an impact for not only my children but withal grandchildren, nieces, nephews and the children that attend my Childcare facility my eyes could be open to new information, meeting people from all aspects of life at the national meetings and even go to Washington DC to help influence them to increase the funding, or make changes to existing policies regarding early childhood education.NAEYCs mission is to serve and act on behalf of the needs, rights and eudaimonia of all young children with primary focus on the provision of educational and developmental function and resources. National Association for the Education of Young Children has become the nations post-mortem examination organization for early childhood professionalssetting research-based standards and providing resources to improve early childhood program quality, enhance the professional development and working conditions of program staff, and to help f amilies grow nearly and understand the need for high quality early childhood education.Through position statements, work with other organizations, and its national voluntary accreditation system, NAEYC has been the leader in promoting excellence in early childhood education for all young children from birth through age 8. NAEYCs roots extend to the 1920s when professional researchers and educators began organizing babys room schools for young children. Concerned about the quality of the proliferating programs, Patty Smith Hill identified a multidisciplinary group of 25 individuals, among them Arnold Gesell, Lois Meek (Stolz), and Abigail Eliot, to consider the need for a new association.A public conference was held in Washington, DC in 1926. By 1929, the group was organized as the National Association for Nursery Education (NANE) and had published its first bookMinimum Essentials for Nursery Education. In 1964, NANE was reorganized as the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). Also that year, the federal bearing Start program was launched, focusing public attention on preschool education.In the early 1980s, concern about the quality of early childhood services usable to the burgeoning numbers of families seeking child care and preschool programs for their young children led NAEYC to begin planning a national voluntary accreditation system for early childhood programs. NAEYCs work in developing position statements and setting standards for different aspects of early childhood education continued throughout the 1990s.The National Institute for Early Childhood Professional Development focuses attention on improving the quality of preparation and ongoing professional development for teachers of young children by providing a place to learn from researchers about new developments and evaluations of pedagogy, curriculum, assessment, and teacher education. By its 75th anniversary in 2001, the association was engaged in a project to rein vent its accreditation system (scheduled to be full implemented in 2006). Funding provided by a variety of contributors has been instrumental to the success of this effort.In addition, a comprehensive restructuring of its affiliate groups (most of which successfully re-affiliated in 2004) had as well as been launched. Interest Forums were established as a membership benefit in 2001 to encourage communities of learning on issues related to the NAEYC mission. Funding provided by the Doris Duke Charitable infrastructure enabled NAEYC to establish the Supporting Teachers, Strengthening Families project to prevent child abuse and promote childrens healthy social development by helping teachers better give with families on difficult issues.The Association also adopted standards for professional preparation associate degree programs in early childhood education and launched plans to develop an accreditation system for these institutions. This effort has been generously supported by a nu mber of contributors. The results of earlier efforts to build the Associations policy presence are clearly visible in 2004. Affiliates and members see training, technical assistance and resources to help them improve the capacity of their efforts to promote good public policies and investments in affordable, high quality early childhood education programs.NAEYC is accepted as a leading voice in Congress and in state capitols on what is needed to help improve early childhood programs and services for all young children and their families, ranging from child care and Head Start, to early elementary grade reading programs and appropriate assessment. Early childhood educators look to NAEYC for journals, books, and other resources that aggregate a solid research base and information and features that make them highly accessible and useful for practitioners, teacher educators, and policy makers.NAEYC Conferences continue to be the meetings that just savings bank be missed, serving a c ritical convening function for the early childhood profession and providing a valuable professional development opportunity. Approaching its eightieth anniversary, NAEYC is proud of its traditions, but also looks to the future. The Association is committed to becoming an ever more high performing inclusive organization that invites all individuals, families, communities and organizations to work in concert to improve the lives of all young children.They offer an Associate Degree Accreditation Program too many Universities that have programs in Early Childhood to make authorized they are preparing their students for their career. They also offer Early Childhood professionals resources to improve their practice through training and professional development. After reading all the above information we should all be apart of this type of organization that cares greatly for the education system that our child (ren) participate in on a daily basis.

Gothic conventions Essay Example for Free

medieval conventions Essaygenus genus genus Dracula, as described in the play, pot take legion(predicate) forms of different creatures. Ranging from a wolf to a mist. These creatures are described well in the play and create an atmosphere of suspense for the asker. It too shows bonny how whole Dracula is. This vampire which is amongst us is of himself so strong in person as twenty men This extension shows us in force(p) how strong Dracula is and Bram Stoker describes this well by comparing Dracula to a living thing such as man. It gives us a good idea of just how strong Dracula is/becomes. In the play it describes the many forms that Dracula can take The storm, the fog, and the wolf he can grow and become small and he can at times vanish and come un tell a detonaten. This describes very well the different forms that Dracula can take and the last bit of the sentence just creates that extra bit of suspense, which can take this play to the next level. and he can at time s vanish and come unknown This is the phrase which kicks in that extra bit of suspense and gets the contributor wondering what this means and how Dracula does it. It overall draws a better picture of the creature himself and what is achievable for him. He can transform himself to wolf, as we gather from the ship arrival in Whitby, when he tear open the dog he can be as flail He can come in mist which he create This is some other of the forms that Dracula can take and as you progress on with the apologue you get a better and better image of Dracula and the powers that he has within him. Another one of the conventions is the weirdness of Dracula and how different he is in relation to the rest of mankind. He eat not as others. Even friend Jonathan, who lived with him for weeks, did never see him to eat, never This is very weird, as we all know because every living thing needs to consume something in order for its body to keep functioning and to stay alive. But it seems as though D racula is very different compared to humans as Jonathan, who had lived with him, had never seen him eat. This must mean that there is another way in, which Dracula consumes which has not yet been discovered. This part of the grade creates suspense and gets the lector thinking about what Dracula exactly is and how he differs humans. It gets the reader thinking about how Dracula survives and what he survives on. He throws no hint he make in the mirror no reflect This is another phrase, which creates suspense for the reader and shoes just how weird Dracula is and once once again it gets the readers thinking just what Dracula is. As we know everything and anything can throw a shadow as long as it is solid. The laws of physics tell us that. But Dracula somehow doesnt throw a shadow. This means that he is defying the laws of Physics, which once again shows how unusual and how inhuman want Dracula is. The last quotation which gets the reader wondering about Dracula is He can see in the dark-no small power thisIt isnt a small power indeed as no human can do this, which ultimately confirms just how inhuman Dracula is. The convention of the journal will be looked at next. Minas journal has a lot to reveal about Dracula and her encounter with him. The first quotation I will take is the parted red lips, with the sharp white dentition showing between and red eyes This is a quote which strikes fear into the mind of the readers and it gives a fairly good description of Dracula. The sharp teeth right off gets you thinking and gives u a common sense of fear as u begin to picture what this person may look like.The red eyes also instantly puts fear into the minds of the readers as it describes Dracula in a very fiery/inhuman way. The word monster may come into the readers minds as they read this phrase. Silence If u make a sound I shall take him and dash his brains out out front your very eyes Here we are getting pretty wan as the writer takes a more graphic approa ch to the threat that Dracula makes to Mina. The very thought of someones brains being dashed before you instantly sends a shiver up your spine and gets you very involved in the passage as your brain instantly gathers an image of what it would look like if you were to be there.This slowly paints a better picture of Dracula and what he is capable of and what he has done before. Another chilling quote from Dracula is You may as well be quiet it is not the first time your veins have appeased my thirst This is a very chilling quote, which refers to the blood in Minas body. It gets the reader thinking about whether or not Dracula is about to do what they think he is about to do. But straight after there is another quote, which describes just how unusual and powerful Dracula is strangely enough I did not want to hinder him.I suppose it is a part of the vile curse that this happens when his touch is on his victim This quote gives an image of Dracula to be very inhuman like just like th e others. It gets the reader into the horizontal surface line and makes the reader believe more and more that Dracula is truly supernatural. But it seemed that a long time had passed before he took his awful overbearing mouth away. I saw it drip with the fresh blood This can only be the action of a supernatural, as no human would nonetheless think of consuming someone elses blood.Dracula is a natural vampire as this sentence finally suggests and just shows what lengths the supernatural go to. Once again here a monster like image is created of Dracula and the instant feeling of fear kicks in as you read the sentence. The main reason that this sense of fear is created by the writer is because of how graphic the script becomes and how detailed it is and once again this instantly creates a picture in your mind of Dracula commencing with these gruesome acts. When my brain says Come to you, you shall cross land or sea to do my bidding This describes a sense of power, which comes from Dracula.This is typical as power is one of the Gothic conventions, which is used in this story to good effect as Dracula commands his presence and shows his power. Straight after this we go from power to the gruesome side of Dracula With that he pulled open his shirt and with his sharp nails opened a vein in his breast This is very gruesome and creates a sense of sickness for the reader but its all in the nature of Dracula as the story shows and Bram Stoker makes this very graphic once again which sends shivers up the readers spine. But even off this is not enough. The writer goes one step further here as he goes into more graphic content When the blood began to spurt out, he took my pass on in one of his, holding them tight, and with the other seized my neck and pressed my mouth to the wound, so that I must suffocate or swallow This once again is very sickening as it goes into great detail of how she is made to press her mouth against the blood spurting breast of Dracula. This creates a sickening image, which causes the reader to reply in a way where he/she just wants to put the book down. As we move on to another extract in the story. We come to the part of the story where the Professor encounters Dracula himself.

Behavior Plan Template Essay Example for Free

Behavior Plan Template Essay scoopful does non berate or so his past or his family. He focuses everything on sex, power, and himself. He has had six charges of assault and brags about how many woman he has slept with. Max has a personality that draws people in and discharge be very socialble, but one time things do not go his way or are not about him he tends to discharge it. He sees nothing wrong in what he does and it is recipe to him. He has serious anger issues that he does not want to hold in and I feel it has a lot to with his past. Max possibly suffered from some type of abuse when he was younger, either sexual, physical, emotional, or even all three. He seems to experience very low self-esteem by the way he bragsand puts down some other ideas. Max does not know how to have a normal relationship with people, without making things about himself or using anger while interacting. Max hold irrational beliefs about himself and the world, which is not good because it leads to the negative actions he has been exhibiting. This type of carriage Max is exhibiting relates to rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT).Course of TreatmentList two target behaviors and two interventions.Target BehaviorsAnger Issues affinity/Emotional IssuesFrequency and Duration of Target BehaviorsAnger Issues are serious for Max because he seems to not be able to handle his anger. This behavior of necessity to be targeted for three months because he has been so use to this behavior for a long time and he needs to learn how to control anger and fight back to things in a positive way. Relationship/Emotional issues is an important area that Max need to work on. He needs to be able have a relationship with others that does not consist of him being selfish or dominiating. This behavior needs to be targeted for three months because he does not know how to interact with people without being prevail or using sex to his advantage to get what he wants.Severity and Number of Rela psesIf Max does not get this behavior under control he could have to do prison or jail time. He could also run into the wrong person and lose his life-time or be seriously injured. He has relapsed around 4 times, it has been difficult for him. Max needs to learn how to have a normal relationship with a person, that uses the correct emotions and is not all about himself. There provide come a time when he is truly al ane and has nobody because they do not like how dominating and arrogant he was. He could resort back into depression. He has relapsed around 5 times because he cannot stop being dominating and arrogant.InterventionsMax needs to be in angermanagment classes, along with group and one-on-one therapy. He also needs do some sort of community service. Max needs to be inone-on-one therapy and group therapy. He should volunteer at homeless shelters, so he can appreciate what he has and purify his own self-worth. He should be involved in any sexual activity for 4 months.Goals a nd ObjectivesList two long-term goals, two short-term goals, and one objective to work towards each goal.Long-Term Goal1. The long-term goal for anger issues is for Max to control his anger and not have any other incidents of assaulting people. 2. The long-term goal for relationship/emotional issues is for Max to learn how to have a healthy relationship with others, which he is not controlling or unthinking to the person. His self-esteem should be confidence and not arrogance.Short-Term Goal1. The short-term goal for anger issues is for Max to not have any anger fit or physical altercations with anyone for three months. 2. The short-term goal for relationship/emotional issues is for Max to understand individuals and think about them for he thinks about himself.Objectives1. If Max can control his anger he entrust be able to be a happy person and can have a normal reaction to things in life, without feeling out of control with anger (Macavei, 2005). 2. If Max can learn how to have a healthy relationship and use his emotions correctly, he will not be alone, but can have someone who he authentically cares about and who really cares him (Macavei, 2005). 3. If Max can learn to not lose control right away of anger he can learn that he does not need violence, but can think before he reacts (Macavei, 2005). 4. If Max can learn to understand others and think about someone else than himself he can become a better person and not who is not depressed or hides behind negativity. He can truly understand himself and work on his own personal issue (Macavei, 2005).Discharge and Termination Plans hound the discharge and termination plan for the client.Discharge PlanMax has been discharged after four months of treatment. He has shown he cancontrol his anger and really overcome his relationship and emotional issues. He has completed his anger management and therapy. Max will still have to take angermanagement classes once a hebdomad and therapy, but he will be free to live on his own and conduct his life normally. He has also been prescribed medication that will help with his mood swings.Termination PlanMax will be released and living on his own. He will have to yellow journalism in once a month for a year to make sure he has not relapsed. If everything comes out good he will not have to check in after the year.ReferencesMacavei, B. (2005). The Role of Irrational Beliefs in the Rational Emotive Behavior Theory of Depression. Retrieved from http//web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=4sid=9ad88650-04e2-482a-a3a8-bf1f672d5913%40sessionmgr4005hid=4109bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=a9hAN=18046159

Approaches to obesity: Behavioural measures

Approaches to corpulency Behavioural measuresIssue for grammatical construction Can obesity be controlled through behavioral measures?Content brief descriptionOne of the global reach that we are facing now is obesity, not only has it increase, the prevalence rate has as well doubled since 1980 (Anderson, Quinn Glanz et al., 2009). Behavioral theories suggest the increase in obesity is link with decrease physiological military action and un wellnessy dietary behavior and thereby neutering our behavior would help to decrease risk of obesity (Heather, 2004). However, despite enormous research and interventions, the prevalence rates are still on the climb. Thus, casting doubts on behavioral approaches. This paper shall reflect on the issues on controlling obesity and practical implication in workplace setting. (99 words)Inter-relationship between theory, research and practice hypothesis and researchIn the basis of behavioural approaches, it is assumed that there is two main rea sons that results in obesity epidemic, firstly, there is an imbalance in elan vital breathing in (excess) and energy output (inadequate). Secondly, these actions that contributed to the energy imbalance are wise(p) behaviour (Jeffery et al., 2000). For example, we observe the purchase of fast food from others or advertisement, it increases our chances of buying it. If it was a learned behaviour then in order to decrease obesity rates, we should be able to acquire new behaviour to make better decisions that promote our health and well-being. It is overly argued that when we engage in material application we are using our energy from food, however, the improvements in transportation and technological advancement has greatly reduce our take aim of physical activity, accounting at least 30% of the worldwide population and half of the adults in United States did not meet the recommended level of physical activity (CDC, 2007WHO, 2009). Studies have collected epidemiological data th at compared activity levels and found two associated variables with increasing trend namely, car ownership, and time spend in television aftermath with obesity (Prentice Jebb, 1995).Other than the drop in energy output, it can be seen that our energy usance has increased world-shakingly together with obesity rates. Studies show that gram calorie intake of food increased from of 335 calories per day for females and 168 calories for males from 1971 to 2004 (Wright et al., 2004). Moreover, within this time frame it was the bloom of economics for processed food accompanied by the increase put size and fast-food trends, which leads to excess calorie intake, resulting in rapid weight gain (Rolls, 2007). Thus, the extra calories input great power be from food choices that consist of high energy density.PracticeAs of workplace environment, these research has helped in developing behavioural allowance program in treating obesity. Reports show that companies that adopted obesity interv entions have significant improvements for the employees, and also helped the employers in decreasing absenteeism rate, subcontract stress experience, workplace injuries and increase in work productivity in workers (Jensen, 2011 Mhurchu, Aston Jebb, 2010). These health outcomes has been revealed to be commonly undergo with obese workers (Bungum et al., 2003 Nishitani Sakakibara, 2005 Poston et al., 2011).These behavioural programs often includes the combination of self-monitoring measures such as monitoring dietary intake (e.g. diary), cues and encouragement for appropriate behaviour (e.g. extrinsic incentives) (Stuart Davis, 1972), group practice session and providing healthy meal options, as well as, equipping workers with nutritional knowledge. Moreover, employees who had adhere to the program has considerably increase their daily intake of fruits and vegetables, and reduce their fat intake from food, along with improvements in mental and physical health (Maes, Cauwenberghe Lippevelde, 2012 Hutchinson, 2011). Therefore, with a better health profile, it could help in issue of absenteeism, productivity and benefited two employers and employees. (486 words)Personal reflectionFor Behavioural theories could help in controlling ObesityThe Contribution of extensive researchFirstly, research on behavioural approaches could aid in implementation of interventions and modification of existed programs in the workplace environment. Perhaps, we could develop a framework that identify the contributing factors of obesity in the workplace setting. Then, analysing the trend between the contributing factors and workers through aspect data and using statistical methods to samples different groups (e.g. normal weight, overweight and obese employees). Next, we could design the program making sure to modify the contributing work formation parameters (e.g. providing healthy food options) to create behavioural changes (e.g. ordering healthy meal) that could improve health conditions.Most employers and employees acknowledge the impact of obesitySecondly, studies have found that both employers and employees has consider weight management program at work settings to be appropriate and effective in controlling obesity (Gabel et al., 2009). These shows that employers might be concern about the rising medical bell, expenses incurred due to the loss of productivity and an increase in work injuries. Employers understand the impact of obesity that imply health cost towards employees and indirectly affecting the company as well, as such they are more willing to provide cooperate health benefits to reduce obesity. However, the employees must also have personal responsibility and discipline to attend the welfares provided. Thus, when both parties work together the chances of reducing obesity would be possible in workplace.Against Behavioural theories does not help in controlling ObesityObesity is genetically inheritedFirstly, in contrast to the behavioural theo ries, researchers have also investigate the genetic approaches towards obesity epidemic. Studies have explored the chances of inheriting obesity by looking at samples of first-degree relatives, which indicated moderate association (0.20 to 0.30). In addition, they looked into samples of monozygotic twins, which results in a higher heritability rate (0.60 to 0.70), indicating that genetic science have contributed approximately 25% to 40% of the variance in BMI ( outlay, 2002). Furthermore, early research has also discovered that the distribution of fat in body split and individuals metabolic rate are also genetically predisposed (Levine, Eberhardt Jensen, 1999). This might support the notion that obesity could not be reduce.The complexity of contributing factors to obesitySecondly, with the vast variety of potential factors that could contribute to obesity, it would be challenging to target all factors. Workplace influencers include, high job demand, insufficient sleep, inadequac y of physical activity, stress, low job control (Parhizi, Pasupathy Steege, 2012). Likewise, while considering the workplace effects, there are additional domain such as individual difference, psychosocial factors and genetics factors that could get further complexity to provide solution to reduce obesity rate. Additionally, there may be multiple association between factors creating the difficulties in providing optimal levels of discussion for each individual.Inconsistent interventions resultsThirdly, considering most of the research being done has a significant outcome improvement in health related issues (Hutchinson, 2012). Nonetheless, when evaluating the results of interventions that included progression of physical activity and nutritional programs in accordance to the obesity measures of BMI, fat percentage and body weight, there were inconclusive evidence of the efficacy of reduction in these areas (Vuillemin, 2011).Similarly, such studies does not identify which of the interventions are effective for specific types of employee population. For example, is there a need for two different programs for office-based workers and retail-based workers? Additionally, most of the programs does not measure its semipermanent effects on weight maintenance which could provide overestimation of the positive outcomes from intervention and employees might actually gained weight in the long run. Thus, the inconsistency and methodological flaws of these studies might have an impact on its efficacy level.ConclusionObesity is drawing massive attention and growing as a health enigma that consisted undesirable consequences on individuals health measures such as heart diseases, diabetes and cancers. To add on, obesity also greatly influences our workplace productivity, absenteeism, work injuries and job stress. These not only have negative effects on individual level but also pressures the employers with rising healthcare cost and expenses incurred from obese employees.A s a result, vast majority of studies has examine the cause of obesity, in which, the most common approach was applying behavioural modification methods such as increasing physical activity and changing dietary intake. Yet, with great effort being place in weight management programs, obesity rate is still up-trending. This provides doubts and challenge to stodgy methods in combating obesity. Such that, explanation of genetics, complexity of the contributing factors, flaws and inconsistent results of interventions from studies have come to doubt the forcefulness of these methods. Final WordOverall, obesity is a health problem that has variety of contribution factors that are complex and there is no definite model or program that cater to majority of the obese community. Nevertheless, it might be possible to be able to start from the workplace setting of individual and creating little changes that hopefully decrease obesity rate overtime. (818 words)ReferencesAnderson LM, Quinn TA, G lanz K et al. (2009). The effectiveness of worksite nutrition and physical activity interventions for controlling employee overweight and obesity a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 37340.C357.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007). Prevalence of even physical activity among adults. United States. MMWR 561209.C1212Gabel, Jon R, Whitmore, Heidi,Pickreign, Jeremy Pickreign, Ferguson, Christine C, Anjall Jain, Hilary Scherer. (2009). Obesity and the Workplace Current Programs and Attitudes among Employers and Employees. Health Affairs. 28, 1. ProQuest pp. 46Heather O. Chambliss. Behavioral Approaches to Obesity Treatment. (2004) QUEST, 56. pp.142-149Hutchinson AD, Wilson C. (2012). Improving nutrition and physical activity in the workplace a meta-analysis of intervention studies. Health Promotion Inter 27238C249.Hutchinson AD, Wilson C.(2012).Improving nutrition and physical activity in the workplace a meta-analysis of intervention studies. Health Promot Int 27238C249.Jen sen JD. (2011). Can worksite nutritional interventions improve productivity and firm profitability? A literature review. Perspect Public Health 131184C192.Levine, J. A., Eberhardt, N. L., Jensen, M. D. (1999). Role of non-exercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans. Science, 283, 212C214.Maes L, Van Cauwenberghe E, Van Lippevelde W et al..(2012).Effectiveness of workplace interventions in Europe promoting healthy eating a systematic review. Eur J Public Health 22677C683.Ni Mhurchu C, Aston LM, Jebb SA. (2010). Effects of worksite health promotion interventions on employee diets a systematic review. BMC Public Health 1062.Price RA. (2002). Genetics and common obesities Background, current status, strategies, and future prospects. Wadden TA,Stunkard AJ (eds) Handbook of obesity treatment. New York The Guilford PressRolls BJ. (2003). The Supersizing of America portion size and the obesity epidemic. Nutr Today 38(2)42C53cosmos Health Organization. (2009). WHO P hysical Inactivity A Global Public Health Problem.Wright JD, Kennedy-Stephenson J, Wang CY, McDowell MA, Johnson CL. (2004). Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients. United States, 1971C2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53 (4) 80C2. PMID 14762332Vuillemin A, Rostami C, Maes L et al.. (2011). Worksite physical activity interventions and obesity a review of European studies (the HOPE project). Obes Facts,4479C488.

UK Legislation on Maritime Cultural Heritage

UK Legislation on Maritime Cultural HeritageHow does current UK integrity define and value oceanic Cultural hereditary pattern?AbstractThe paper investigates UK ocean justice with regards to its exposition of naval ethnical inheritance and the value placed upon this issue. locomotes much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the 1973 Ship clanks Act and the 1996 Treasure Act provide that there be large gaps in UK oceanic rightfulness and that the value placed upon maritime ethnical hereditary pattern apology in the UK is lower than that placed upon commercial salvage cin one shiftrns. In addition, international fairness has had little operation due to the UK rejection of the 2001 UNESCO conventionality. Current events also show that the UK politics is prep ard to put commercial concerns before maritime ethnical inheritance testimonial. A survey is conducted to show the lack of cognition in the UK regarding maritime law, solely the desire from society for increased securi ty. Recommendations are made to scrap current regulation in shape to put in impudently, unified legislation that offers book binding tax shelter for clanks. The proposal is similar to the current Swedish model of maritime ethnic law. historical everyy, as one of the worlds foremost shipping and naval countries, Great Britain has a huge amount of maritime culture and hereditary pattern. In order to protect this hereditary pattern, there are a large result of laws in place. However, there is much discussion as to whether or non these laws adequately protect and value maritime ethnical heritage above other concerns much(prenominal) as economics, politics, and land protection. The aim of this essay is to look at the current UK legislation and see how it defines and values maritime pagan heritage.This subject is important, because maritime pagan heritage is an important offset of our society, and potentiometer give us a sense of pride in our nations achievements. Mari time cultural heritage is startle of our national pride and identity part of what it convey to be English. With this in mind, it is important that this heritage is protected.The initial section allow consist of a literature review of UK maritime law and how it values maritime heritage. This will involve looking at a wide variety of government legislation from both the UK and worldwide law.The second section will continue a review of literature regarding how best to protect and guard maritime cultural heritage, and how these theories interplay with the law in practice.In order to gain an understanding of how the UK legislation compares to other maritime laws worldwide, there will be a comparison of UK law and indemnity with the policies of Australia and Sweden. These countries pee been chosen along with the UK because of their probatory maritime heritage.A news and views section will outline near of the recent issues and developments in maritime cultural heritage to show ho w legislation is currently being used in practice. This will include a look at the recent Spain vs. Odyssey conflict and its minute to the protection of maritime cultural heritage.The next section will include a survey so as to determine the publics knowledge of current affairs at bottom the UK regarding maritime cultural heritage. This will be a chance to understand the capers and advantages of maritime cultural heritage protection and law in at onces Britain.The penultimate section will outline recommendations on how, in light of the literature review findings and survey ends, the current legislation could be changed to further protect maritime cultural heritage in the UK and worldwide. This may involve the changing of current laws or the creation of new laws with regards to maritime heritage protection. The last section will conclude exclusively of the findings of the paper.Before the literature review begins, it is important to give a basic definition of what is meant by m aritime cultural heritage, so that it green goddess be understood what the protection of it means. This will also be useful to compare with how the UK and worldwide legislation defines maritime cultural heritage. One good definition of so-called submersed cultural heritage is put forrader by Sokal, who says that underwater cultural heritageRefers to all remains of military man activities lying on the seabed, on riverbeds, or at the bottom of lakes. It includes shipwrecks and other objects lost at sea, as well as prehistoric sites, sunken towns, and ancient ports that were once on the dry land and were eventually submerged due to climatic or geological changes.1However, this does not fully stretch out maritime cultural heritage that has since been salvaged or put on display, as m either of the most precious items have already. The reason for this is that it is generally understood that once arte situations are salvaged they are consequently governed under usual arte item and he ritage law. The protection of the maritime heritage is to do with the maintenance and protection of relics that are underwater rather than those that have already been retrieved. 2Although there is no standard definition of cultural heritage, m any(prenominal) of the UN drafts and resolutions include terms such as Objects of an archaeologic and historical constitution found at sea. Although it is hard to fully decide what this should include, it is fairly clear that in the most basic sense underwater cultural heritage has to do with historical remains or analyse the stand of human existence in any body of water around the world, particularly if that evidence is of cultural significance.3 In the next section this definition can be compared to the definition of maritime cultural heritage put forward in UK legislation.The problem at present is that our maritime cultural heritage is protected by an assortment of UK legislations, none of which were specifically designed or created f or the sole purpose of protect and conserving our maritime cultural heritage. This means that sole(prenominal) around sixty sites have been protected of an estimated thirty or forty thousand in the UK. This is because the laws are heavy value laden, and this diminishes any powers of protection offered.One of the earliest laws related to cultural heritage is the Ancient Monuments Act of 1882. This act was put in place so that ancient depositorys could be guarded or looked aft(prenominal) by the muckle who own them, and also so that the government could potentially buy monuments that they felt postulate better protection. Although this act dictateds a good early lawsuit in that it lists punishments for potential defacers of such monuments, there is a significant loophole. Anyone who owns such a monument but has not been given the title of guardian of that monument is not liable to such punishments. This means that anyone who takes self-will of or owns a piece of heritage or m onument could in fact use it for commercial purposes or sell its rich split without punishment, so long as they had not been officially labeled as a guardian of the monument. This is significant because it is likely that anyone who was labeled a guardian would have been given this title because of their commitment to the monument. Those unlabelled owners would be perhaps much likely to deface or use the monument, yet could escape punishment for doing so.4 Another problem with this act is that it does not specifically nurture maritime cultural aterfacts as being monuments, and talks more(prenominal) about land-based monuments and their maintenance. Although the act was updated in 1979, it still retained the core problem of determining what monuments were in fact Only those monuments listed on a schedule were truly protected by this law, meaning that thousands of locations of maritime cultural heritage were left out and undefended to harm.5One of the next acts to be created wit h regards to maritime cultural heritage is the 1949 Coastal Protection Act. This act is concerned with the maintenance and protection of land that is being encroached upon by the sea, to stop valuable pieces of land being destroyed by coastal erosion. The way in which this act helps to protect underwater cultural heritage is that licence is required in tidal waters to dredge or remove objects. This means that underwater heritage sites cannot be touched without permission.However, it also means that any works for maintenance of these sites requires permission, and may be refused if this work interferes with navigational safety in any way. Also, the main point of this act is to stop land destruction, and the banishment of removal of materials does not specifically mention cultural artefacts. It also says that removal of minerals more than fifty feet below the surface is allowed. The act also offers no protection to artefacts or wrecks in non-tidal or inland waters, as these are not considered part of the realm of coastal protection.Again, whilst the Coastal Protection Act does bring on it harder for some artefacts to be removed, it also has many flaws because the act is not targeting cultural heritage protection.6Perhaps the first real attempt to create a law that takes into account cultural heritage sites is the 1973 Protection of Wrecks Act. This act when combined with the Ancient Monuments Act has helped at least 15 wrecks to be protected in parts of Scotland.7 It has in total protected around 60 wrecks under section 1 of the Act.This act is an improvement on the Ancient Monuments Act because it does need have the requirement of scheduling a monument. Rather, for a wreck to be protected it needs to be of historical, archaeological or artistic value. The problem here of trend is defining this value, and this is why so many wrecks have been ignored. There is no specific definition of what constitutes this artistic, historical or archaeological value, and in fact 2 items on the original list of 60 have been removed. This law is helping to protect culturally significant wrecks, but with its vague definition of what this means there are countless other wrecks not being protected. Another problem is that with the correct licenses people are still allowed to regularly dive with these wrecks, although not take anything away. The problem here is that there is potential for damage or removal of objects without the knowledge of those charged with guarding the wrecks if anyone with a correct license can be allowed portal to the wreck.8 Another issue is that whilst the act stops designated wrecks being unduly disturbed, it does not mention anything with regards to the maintenance of such wrecks and how they are to be stayd for coming(prenominal) generations an integral part of maritime cultural heritage.In 1986 there came the Protection of Military Remains Act. The primary goal of this act is to interdict disturbance of human remains that a re still present in military aircraft or vessels. This is an act that applies both to UK and international waters, although vessels of foreign origin only count inwardly UK waters. The act categories places as either protected, where diving is allowed with a license, or controlled, where no-one is allowed to visit. The historic significance of a site is one of the most important criteria when deciding if a site is eligible for protected or controlled status under the law.Although there are currently 16 vessels protected by this law in UK waters and at least 5 more in international waters as of 2001, the major loophole is obviously that the sites are only being protected whilst the human remains stay at these locations. Once these remains are gone then under this law the vessels will not be offered protection. Also, the definition of what constitutes historical significance is not clear.9The Merchant Shipping Act of 1995 is somewhat different, and is based upon the 1989 Internationa l Convention on Salvage. This Shipping law states that all items of wreck found in UK waters mustiness be give outed to the Receiver of Wreck an official of the British government. Once reported the person who finds the wreck then has rights of salvage. These rights of salvage mean that once reported, the wreck is to be detained by the Receiver until a valuation is completed, at which time the individual(s) who salvaged the wreck will need to honorarium up to 5,000 to release the wreck into their custody. The government can then hold the vessel until an owner is established.However, the problem with this legislation is again that it was not designed with the protection of maritime cultural heritage at its core. Although it means that all wrecks, no matter their significance are reported, it also means that if no owner comes forward or is found the person who found the wreck has rights to it once the salvage costs are paid. Although the Receiver has the rights to refuse this salv age right, this has been rarely carried out in the UK, if at all.Another factor is that the entire legislation is concerned with property value in money terms rather than any cultural or historical significance. Whilst a wreck may appear of little monetary value, it may be of significant cultural or historical interest. This law only helps maritime cultural heritage in the sense that more wrecks need to be reported. However, it does not help wrecks from being removed or taken into possession by those who salvage them, whatever their intentions are for the wreck.10However, the Treasure Act of 1996 is a law created to distinguish with artefacts collected or found, and has more significance for maritime cultural heritage protection. This act creates a legal obligation for anyone who finds an object of cheer as defined in the act to report it to their local coroner within fourteen days. The coroner will then determine whether or not the item constitutes appraise. If the item is seen as treasure then the person who found it must offer to sell it to a museum at a price set by an independent board of antiquities experts. If the item is found to not be treasure or the museum does not want to purchase it, then the finder may retain the object.In this law, the definition of treasure is generally set out to deal with items that are gold or silver of at least ten per cent and precious coins that are at least 300 historic period old. Items that are older than 200 years and are deemed by the State to be of historical or cultural value are also included. The problem with this is that any item outside of the usual scope of treasure can only be classed as treasure through a special order. This sort of order may only be granted in circumstances where significant cultural value is identified.Another problem with this law is that it does not really carry through heritage directly. It demands that any treasure found be valued and that a museum have to pay the full price for s uch treasure. This means that for extremely valuable items it may be beyond the means of museums to purchase everything. This leaves maritime cultural heritage in the hands of people who may only be interest in the monetary value of an item and have no desire to preserve the item beyond this.However, most significantly the law focuses on golden items of over 300 years old and any other culturally significant items of over 200 years old. This means items under 200 years old may not be protected, and the wrecks where the treasure is found may be damaged or discarded in favour of collecting the treasure itself.It must be said that this law, like the Merchant Shipping Act, does mean that more treasure and historical items are reported and discovered, allowing museums the opportunity to collect more material than might be possible otherwise. However, it does also encourage those who actively seek treasure of value, for they know a price will be set for it. More emphasis in the law shou ld be put upon the cultural and historical significance of the item. The flipside of this is of course that people are more likely to report treasure knowing they will get money for it, rather than just keep it for themselves.11The most important of recent UK laws in this field though is the subject field Heritage Act of 2002, which is an update of the 1983 Act. This act is important because it includes UK heritage agencies in the protection of ancient monuments in or under the seabed within the territorial reserve sea adjacent to England. Wales and Scotland have similar administrative responsibilities in their devolved administrations under Cadw and Historic Scotland respectively.12This is a welcome law as it enables English Heritage to take over responsibility for maritime cultural heritage protection from the Department of Culture, Media and Sport.13 This means that the protection of monuments and promoting the publics enjoyment and awareness of such monuments is all handled by one agency. Whilst there was obviously a transition period to move control from one agency to another, it has meant that archaeological sites from low water to the 12 nautical mile territorial limit around England are all dealt with by English Heritage.14Whilst this law is a step in the right commissioning by attempting to join up the laws governing maritime cultural heritage protection, the Acts themselves have too many gaps and too little direct focus on heritage protection to adequately protect our maritime cultural heritage.In addition to these UK laws however, cultural protection and heritage is governed by the UNESCO laws of 1972, 1981 and 2001. These laws have a significant influence on how cultural heritage is protected.The World Heritage Convention was adopted by UNESCO in 1972 and links nature conservation and preservation of cultural heritage. It helps to define the sort of sites that can be considered for the World Heritage List, and any country that signs the list pled ges to protect not only their World Heritage Sites in their territory but their national heritage as a whole.By signing this list the UK has pledged to protect our national heritage, a large part of which is our maritime cultural heritage.However, it is the 1982 Law of the sea Convention that really began to create a universal concept and law of maritime cultural protection. It is Articles 303 and 149 of this law that are of most interest. Article 303 says that States have the duty to protect objects of an archaeological and historical nature found at sea and shall co-operate for this purpose. 15One problem with this part of the law is that it does not give any details of what these duties might involve. The law also says that it is not in contradiction or prejudice to any other international agreements on cultural protection, thus leaving the way open for future laws such as the 2001 convention.Article 149 says thatall objects of an archaeological and historical nature found in th e Area that is, on the seabed underneath the high seas shall be preserved or disposed of for the benefit of mankind as a whole, particular regard being paid to the preferential rights of the State or country of origin, or the State of cultural origin, or the State of historical and archaeological origin.The problem with this is that the law is limited to the high seas, and there is a large gap between the high seas and the governs such as the contiguous zone closer to territorial waters.16As the most comprehensive of all the international maritime laws, it is a surprise that only two sections are linked to cultural protection. The problem is that these issues were only discussed at a late stage and the primary focus of the law is on fishing, the environment and trade.This law was ratified by 146 nations and came into effect in 1994. Of those nations that did not accept initially such as the USA, much of this was to do with deep seabed mining and other natural resource way concerns rather than with the issue of underwater cultural heritage most likely because the Convention had so little in it about this topic.17 However, it wasnt long after this that new draft resolutions began to deal with the future of underwater cultural heritage, as it was felt that not enough was being done to deal with this issue. There was to be a look at cultural management, and these draft resolutions culminated in the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.18This law was certainly needed, for the 1982 law was an obscure and rushed attempt to deal with underwater cultural heritage protection. The problem is that past 24 nautical miles there is little protection for cultural heritage in the 1982 law, and the protection of cultural heritage is then left up to the freedom of the open seas.19The 2001 Convention was adopted by 87 votes for to 4 against, with 15 abstentions. However, in these 15 abstentions were the UK, and at the time the US was no t part of UNESCO and so could not vote. This immediately causes problems, as although the UK has adopted the 1989 Salvage Convention, they have not adopted the 2001 Underwater Cultural Heritage Convention.The reason for this is that the 2001 Convention actually attempts to provide blanket protection for all maritime cultural heritages, and the way in which State vessels and warships were to be protected was different to the plans of the UK. Britain has such a huge amount of wrecks that it has been felt that only those of the most significance should be focused on. If this Convention were signed then all wrecks of any historical or cultural significance would need to be protected. Britain believes that diverting resources to the most important wrecks and then educating people about maritime cultural heritage is more important. 20However, this is not a view that the researcher ascribes to, as it seems extremely important that we preserve our entire maritime cultural heritage so that w e may understand both the good and bad events that Britain has been a part of. Funding is obviously integral to this, and perhaps at this time it has not been possible for Britain to offer such large resources to the protection of all wrecks. Whilst this may be monetarily prudent, it may prove to be a high-priced mistake in the future as wrecks continue to be salvaged without consideration for the protection of cultural heritage.The law itself is having an effect on our cultural heritage protection though as the UK becomes more and more pressured to meet the demands of this convention and give blanket protection to historical wrecks. The problem with this though is obviously providing resources to meet these demands, which may result in protection resources being spread too thin. Also, blanket protection of all wrecks may result in us being too desirous about certain aspects of our maritime cultural heritage, in particular the perspective our Britains associations with the sea du ring times of conflict. It is questionable as to whether significant amounts of money should be spent on protecting all historically significant wrecks, even if these wrecks were associated with darker activities and times in our history.21However, the 2001 convention doesnt offer nearly as much protection as it first seems. The fact that there is a 100 year minimum time limit on artefacts excludes a lot of more recent wrecks that may be historically or culturally significant, such as the Titanic and wrecks from World War 1 and World War 2. This fact was made abundantly clear when the wreck of the Titanic was uncovered in 1985 and it became apparent that there was no way to protect it from salvage. With more advanced equipment today the problem is even greater, and anything under 100 years old is simply not adequately protected by the law. 22Despite this, the law does have some good points. It aims at a universal plan of in situ preservation of wrecks, meaning they are less open to invasive procedures that would damage their condition and prevent us bailiwicking them in detail in the future. Another very important aspect of the Convention is in Article 4 which declares that the rules of salvage and finds will not be applicable to underwater cultural heritage. Although salvors do not obtain ownership rights, they gain the right to large compensation. This means that anything labeled as underwater cultural heritage cannot be sold commercially or traded. 23Of course, the major problem with this law is its ineffectiveness unless more nations sign onto it. With the UK not accept its terms it means that whilst the UNESCO Convention is good in principle, it cannot particularly influence UK law at this stage. The UK still looks to the Protection of Wrecks Act as the way to preserve cultural heritage.However, should more nations accept the Convention then this would surely be a major step towards further protecting the maritime cultural heritage of all countries. Just like the 1982 Convention, acceptance of this Convention would help reduce piracy and crime that damages maritime cultural heritage.24The problem with all of the laws in the UK and the rejection of the 2001 UNESCO Convention is that there is a lack of value placed upon maritime cultural heritage. The next section will briefly examine how, despite efforts to encourage maritime cultural heritage protection, the UK laws still place little value on this concept above financial concerns and traditional property rights and salvage law.An example of how maritime law in the UK fails to focus on maritime cultural heritage preservation can be found in a study conducted by Mike Williams, a senior law studies lecturer at Wolverhampton University. Williams found that in places like the south-west of England, the rights to a wreck were based upon non-law conventions such as rights based on being able to see out to the distance that the wreck is from the shore.Although Williams show that Britain does know the importance of underwater cultural heritage and that is why it adopted the Valetta Convention, the Shipwrecks Act of 1973 has many flaws. It does not include protection for items that are not ships such as wrecks of Warplanes, and it stops people from having access to historical sites, which almost defeats the point of protecting them. The problem is that salvors can still claim possession of such historical wrecks, as seen by the 1990s case of the Hanover, which was designated a wreck after discovery because it was supposed to carry gold. The salvors took the government to court and won the right to salvage. This shows the law is does not value cultural heritage as much as the traditional rights of salvage.25The fact is that when on land, historical artefacts are protected much better than those in the water. Although there have been a number of shipwrecks or maritime archaeological remains found on land, this is rare and the core of our maritime cultural heritage is b eneath the water.26The problem can be seen in the cases where politicians get involved to try and protect wrecks or bring them to the attention of the public. This is necessary because the law itself, or at the very least the application of the law, is not focused on maritime cultural heritage. A case in 2002 was highlighted when Baroness Blackstone called for protection from the law for the 18th century warship the Bonhomme Richard.Although this wreck was eventually protected thanks to an urgent Designation Order under the Protection of Wrecks Act, it is only because of quick work by the Baroness that this occurred. The issue was that if salvors had got to the wreck first there was little the law could have done to prevent their rights of possession. If more value was placed upon cultural heritage protection in the law, then these temporary emergency measures would not be needed to protect important historical sites such as that of the Bonhomme Richard.27Another problem occurring in the UK system is that it is becoming increasingly difficult to find new and profitable uses for the port system. This means it is becoming harder to maintain these avenues of maritime cultural heritage, an example of which can be seen in the analyse of the coal ports in South Wales. The problem is that a balance between economic viability and cultural heritage is trying to be created. With architecturally important yards such as the Royal William Yard in Plymouth being left unused, it is becoming hard to see how economics can mix with cultural heritage. At the moment it seems that the force of economics is winning out. 28The state of law at the moment is that cultural heritage is still put behind economic concerns of both salvors and the government. The law still favours salvors, and the government is unwilling to change laws to protect all wrecks because it would be too costly at this time. Therefore, by protecting a small number of high-profile wrecks it can be seen that somet hing is being done. However, this is not enough and until these laws are changed it is clear that protection for maritime cultural heritage in the UK will remain inadequate.29To show how the UK maritime laws compare to other countries in terms of valuing cultural heritage, the next section will look at the legislation on maritime heritage in Sweden and Australia against that of the UK.Australian maritime law is perhaps more focused on maritime boundary zones than on preserving cultural heritage.30 After ratifying the 1982 UNESCO Law of the Sea in 1994, they also put in a 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone to help protect their interests around their abstruse shoreline.31However, this is not to say that Australian law doesnt take into account maritime cultural heritage. The 2001 UNESCO Convention has had an effect on Australian law, although policies to protect cultural heritage in Australian waters have been in place for around 25 years. However, the problem in Australia is that only the Federal Government can help to initiate such changes as put forward by the Convention. This is difficult because it is the Territories who often put in practice many of the initiatives regarding cultural heritage protection.Despite this, in 2001 a promise to review the 1976 Commonwealth Historic Shipwrecks Act would be put in place, although this has taken some time to complete. The Historic Shipwrecks Act works very much like the UK Shipwrecks Act in that it protects historic shipwrecks rather than other relics. The review since the 2001 UNESCO Convention would aim to change this so that all historical artefacts would be preserved. However, like the UK there is opposition to this from salvors as well as divers, with Australia being particularly popular with wreck divers. They believe that new laws would limit the access to wrecks for the general public. In truth, these concerned