Corporate Finance Law Management

Questions: Please prepare a memorandum of advice on the following issues: 1. The important legal requirements that must be met in order for the company to issue more shares. 2. The legal and financial issues involved in issuing dividends. In your answer stress why a new share issue cannot be used to finance dividends. 3. What potential options the company has to ensure that the current shareholders can retain of control of the company. Identify and describe these options to allay Dr. Yao's fears. Answers: 1. Cause of Action: The memorandum of advice stands to be the above mentioned content herein. A public limited company sells law books related to finance and investment in Asia. The main proprietors of the company are Ellinger, Davies and Yao. They have been running this company for the last 5years and they have a small office at sharing basis in Bloomsbury, London. It has quite a good reputation in the market. Company is basically a small scale business wherein the three of them namely Ellinger, Davis and Yao shares altogether 75% of the share capital in the company and the rest 25% is held by three outside investors who have been investing in the company since the birth of the company. 10,000 shares in total are fully paid up and thereby they meet all the requirements laid down by the Companies Act, 2006. At a board meeting they raised a topic of expanding the business at large. Ellinger is also in support of the opinion and wants to expand the company by raising funds by issuing new shares. Yao on the other hand is also of the opinion of raising fund by issuing dividends and at the same time wants the business to get expanded. Remedies: It is a well adopted concept of Law that funds of a company can only be raised by issuing shares. In order to accomplish the issuance of shares, the following steps are required to be performed: Issuing of prospectus Receiving of application Allotment of shares Call on shares A prospectus is the document issued if a company wishes to raise its fund by issuing shares. It provides for the details of investment the company will be making. (Anon, c2015) It is documents used by a company to invite people for buying shares and thereby an application for shares. Before issuing the prospectus, a copy of it should be submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission. A prospectus will provide for various details like name of the directors, number of shares to be sold, opening and closing date of the share issue, application fees, allotment and on-call dates and the details of bank in which the amount is to be submitted and minimum shares for application. (Arsalidou, 2012) Advice on Specific Issue Of Law: Section 63 of the Company Act lays the various rules and aspects of issuing bonus shares in order to raise funds. A company may issue its fully paid up bonus shares to its member by any of the ways adopted either by its free reserves or by its securities premium account or by its capital redemption reserve account. Wherein there is an exception to this rule. It states that no issuing of bonus shares can be assessed by capitalizing reserves formed by the revaluation of assets. It is to be kept in mind, as provided by the law, that no company shall capitalize its profits or reserves for issuing bonus shares. (Cahn and Donald, 2010)Such a step can only be adopted by the company in certain circumstances which have been provided under the law. A company can capitalize its profit for issuance of the bonus shares only if it has been authorized to do by the articles of association framed. Again it can capitalize its profit or reserves to sell of bonus shares to raise funds only if such recom mendations are made in the board general meeting of the company. If a company has not failed to pay its principal or interest in respect of any fixed deposits or debts securities, then a company may, if it wants capitalize its reserves or shares to issue bonus shares. (Cheffins, 1997) In a circumstance where the company has not been in default in paying the statutory dues of the employees like gratuity or bonus or provident fund, may if wishes, can issue bonus shares by capitalizing profits or shares. A company can at any time issue any number of shares only if it abides by the rules laid down by the Company Law. (Chiu, 2010) It is to be kept in mind that bonus shares cannot be issued in lieu of dividends. Whatever shares are required to be offered shall be at any point of time be registered with companies account. A share without registering doesnt stands to be valid. In order to offer shares for raising fund, at first a general meeting has to be arranged wherein the idea would be discussed and voting rights would be embedded therein. (Collison et al., 2014)Only after it passes through all this steps a resolution would be passed in that accordance and then such resolution would be implemented in the company. It has been held under Section 83 of the Company law, that every member of the company holding equity shares shall have the right to vote in that respect of capital to be raised depending on every resolution passed on that basis. Summary Of Advice: In the following issue that has been provided herein, all the three owners of the Company Ellinger, Yao and Davies have to at first arrange general meeting of board. In such a meeting all the shareholders would be called upon as all of them have voting rights in that respect. Hence the other three outsiders holding 25% of the share capital shall also be present in such meeting. After discussing of the agenda, voting rights should be polled and in accordance to the votes raised, the agenda would be passed as a resolution on the companys board. If such a resolution is passed then at the very first prospectus has to be prepared in that respect so as to invite people to buy shares. In reference to that applications of shares would be accepted. It is after this that the allotment of shares would be done and utmost important parallel its registration is to be done in that respect. It is then that call of shares would take place and new members would be added to the company. (Crespi and Ren neboog, 2010) 2. Introduction Paying a profit is the standard route for an organization to disperse an offer of its benefits among the shareholders. Under the laws of England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland there are point by point statutory principles as to dispersions in CA 2006, section 829 to section 853. An itemized thought of these is past the extent of this database; however the principle reason behind these procurements is to deny organizations from making disseminations with the exception of out of benefits.(Dashwood and Ward, 2000) In a public organization, the standard practice be intended for the principle people to pronounce and disburse an interval income taking into account the report intended for the initial six months of the organization funds related year. The executives will then prescribe a previous turnover to the Annual General Meeting in view of the reimbursement complete in the entire year, and the AGM then pass strength of mind proclaim that income.(Davies and Rickford, 2008) Summary of Advice Section 30 of the Company Act, 2006 talks about the procedures for the declaration of dividends. It says that, 30(1) the organization might by standard determination pronounce profits, and the chiefs may choose to pay between time profits. Section 30 (2) says that a profit should not be announced unless the chiefs have made a suggestion as to its sum. Such a profit should not surpass the sum suggested by the chiefs. Section 30 (3) says that no profit may be announced or paid unless it is as per shareholders' particular rights. Section 30(4) says that unless the shareholders' determination to announce or chiefs' choice to pay a profit, or the terms on which shares are issued, indicate else, it must be paid by reference to every shareholder's holding of shares on the date of the determination or choice to pronounce or pay it. section 30 (5), if the organization's offer capital is partitioned into diverse classes, no between time profit may be paid on shares conveying conceded or non-fa vored rights if, at the season of installment, any special profit is in arrears. Subsection (6) also says that the executives may pay at interims any profit payable at an altered rate on the off chance that it seems to them that the benefits accessible for appropriation legitimize the installment. Section 30 (7) says that if the chiefs demonstration in accordance with some basic honesty, they don't cause any risk to the holders of shares presenting favored rights for any misfortune they may endure by the legal installment of a between time profit on shares with conceded or non-favored right.(Dignam and Lowry, 2006) Cause of Action The key manage in the Companies Act 2006 is that organizations might make dispersions just out of benefits accessible for the reason, which are fundamentally decided as collected acknowledged benefits less amassed acknowledged misfortunes. It is critical to recollect that not all that matters perceived in benefits is acknowledged, specificallywhere records are arranged under IFRS. For instance, an addition on revaluation of a speculation property, perceived in benefit on the other hand misfortune under IFRS, is not an acknowledged benefit. Specific complexities can likewise emerge with intra-bunch exchanges,which may prompt benefits perceived in the individual records of some gathering organizations not being dealt with as figured it out.(French, Mayson and Ryan, 2012) Open organizations need to do an additional test to watch that their net resources won't tumble to not exactly the total of called-up offer capital and not distributable saves as a consequence of making a circulation. Samples of not distributable stores are the offer premium record, capital recovery saves and, in numerous cases, the revaluation saves. There are further principles for venture organizations, which are not secured in this factsheet.(Grier, Griffin and Capper, 1998) Defences Executives should likewise remember their trustee and other obligations, for instance their commitment to protect the organization's resources and make sensible moves to guarantee so as to the organization is thus in a place to settle its obligations as they drop due. Henceforth, chiefs will need to survey whether the organization will even now be dissolvable taking after a proposed appropriation.(Hannigan, 2003) In regular law, an organization can't legally create a circulation out of assets. In this manner, the chiefs require to survey, together at the occasion they recommend the circulation and the moment it is complete, whether the organization has brought about misfortunes ensuing to the monetary record date to which the applicable records were arranged that have disintegrated its benefits accessible for circulation.(Hannigan, 2012) Appropriations must be legitimized taking into account accessible benefits indicated in significant records. These are individual organization accounts, not gathering records. The fundamental principle for every constrained company is that the pertinent records are the organization's latest yearly records that were marked and coursed to individuals. On the off chance that an organization's latest yearly records don't indicate adequate distributable benefits, then still anywhere administration know benefits contain been complete following the year end to which those records relate, for instance in light of the fact that profits have been gotten from backups, a profit can't be paid unless later between time records have been arranged for the organization independently that show adequate distributable benefits to bolster the profit to be paid. On the off chance that the executives wish to pay a profit before any yearly records have been flowed, at that point they will need to get ready starting records to bolster theproposed profit. This circumstance commonly emerges where the organization is recently fused. For an open organization, the guidelines are much stricter. Between time accounts must be legitimately arranged under the Companies Act 2006what's more, documented at Companies House before making the conveyance. Nonetheless, these between times records require not be inspected. By contrast, if an open organization needs beginning records to legitimize a profit, those records do should be examined. In generally other regards, the necessities for introductory records are like those for between time records, including the need to record the accounts at Companies House preceding paying the profit. Conclusion The driving case on this issue was that of AvelingBarford Ltd v Perion Ltd (1989)(AvelingBarford Ltd v Perion Ltd, [1989]) where a possession was sold for fundamentally a smaller amount than its reasonable esteem by an organization with amassed misfortunes to another organization claimed by the scheming investor of themerchant organization. The Court apprehended that this added up to an illegal return of assets. The Explanatory Notes issued by the then Department of Exchange and Industry nearby the Companies Act 2006 made it clear that section 845, Companies Act 2006, did not exasperate the position in the AvelingBarford case, rather it elucidated more extensive issues emerging. The UK Supreme Court considered the issue further in 2010 on account of Progress Property Company Limited v Moorgarth Group Limited.(Progress Property Company Limited v Moorgarth Group Limited., [2010]) They noticed that the legitimacy of a circulation ought to be controlled by taking into consideration the g enuine reason and matter of the exchange instead of the structure. 3. Introduction The privileges any shareholder have in every specific organization by and large rely on upon the procurements of the Companies Act 2006, the organization's articles of affiliation, the terms of issue of the shares and any shareholders' understanding. Formulating the right share capital structure is an intricate business.(Judge, 2010) Summary of Advice The general circumstance is that consequently for putting resources into an organization a shareholder gets a heap of rights in the organization which may shift as per the kind of shares gained. Most organizations just have one class of shares however the law in the UK is to a great degree adaptable and permits any classes of shares to be made. This is finished by setting out the diverse rights appended to the different classes. What rights are appended to the diverse classes of shares is basically a matter for the organization to focus.(Loughrey, 2013) Cause of Action The shareholders have certain rights as: To go to general meeting and vote Commonly shares convey one vote each yet there may be non-voting imparts or shares to various votes. A few shares may convey the privilege to vote just specifically circumstances. See underneath for the statutory procurements on voting rights. Note additionally the statutory rights a shareholder needs to select an intermediary to go to and vote at a general meeting, to order a general meeting, to have a composed determination coursed to the individuals.(Olaerts and Schwarz, 2012) To an offer of the organization's benefits The dispersion of benefits is paid by method for a profit of a certain sum paid on every offer. A profit may be paid just if the organization has made benefits and to the degree that it chooses to disseminate them. Without any procurement in actuality, profits must be paid in extent to the shares held by every shareholder, except it is turning out to be progressively regular for articles to give that the organization's shares are isolated into distinctive classes and for the executives to have the capacity to fluctuate the profits assigned to these course.(Ottley, 2013) To a last conveyance on twisting up In the event that the organization is twisted up and all the leasers are paid, the remaining resources are accessible for division among the individuals. This may be in two stages: (1) an arrival of capital; (2) dissemination of surplus capital. A few shares may be given a need as to one or both of these, or barred from interest in any overflow. Shareholder also has the right to take delivery of and get a copy of the companys annual accounts so that they can keep a track of the financial records of the company and the organization.(Sadler, 2002) That the organization be run legitimately As per the Companies Act, the general law and the organization's constitution the shareholder can see the successful working of the company. By and large just the individuals from the organization will have the lawful right to sue to make the organization demonstration legally, and even they may be confined in their capacity to sue under the regular law govern in Foss v Harbottle.(Foss v Harbottle, [1843]) This is an unpredictable range past the extent of this database. Organizations may have distinctive classes of shares, and this is ruined a wide range of reasons. Duties of the shareholder The fundamental obligation of shareholders is to pass resolutions at general gatherings by voting through their shareholder limit. This obligation is especially vital as it permits the shareholders to practice their definitive control over the organization and how it is overseen. Shareholders can vote in one of two routes: on a show of hands or through a survey vote where every vote will be proportionate to the measure of shares held by every shareholder. A show of hands is generally the favored technique for voting that happens at general gatherings. There are two resolutions that can be voted on at a meeting: a common determination, or an uncommon determination.(Villiers, 2006) The shareholders of an organization are its money related supporters; they give account to an organization by buying partakes in it, and through this get to be shareholders. This gives them certain rights as shareholders; they likewise have parts and obligations to hold fast to, which are situated out in the Companies Act 2006. As shareholders of an organization, they are shielded from liabilities as the organization seems to be 'restricted'. Shareholders could conceivably be chiefs of the organization moreover. Whilst executives are responsible for maintaining the everyday business of the organization and deciding, the shareholders have a couple of particular parts and obligations to guarantee they at last have control over the organization.(Zetzsche, 2005) Conclusion Significant choices which would have an impact on the shareholders' rights are typically needed, through the Companies Act 2006, to be endorsed by the shareholders at a general meeting called by the executives of the organization. Just certain demonstrations should be possible by the shareholders, for example, expelling an executive from office, changing the name of the organization, or approving an administration contract for a chief which gives him professional stability for over two years. As a rule, shareholders have little control over the chiefs and how they run the organization, yet their fundamental part is to go to meeting and examine whatever is on the motivation to guarantee the executives don't go past their forces. References Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46/pdfs/ukpga_20060046_en.pdf [Accessed 2 Jul. 2015].Arsalidou, D. (2012). Shareholders and Corporate Scrutiny: The Role of the UK Stewardship Code. European Company and Financial Law Review, 9(3).AvelingBarford Ltd v Perion Ltd [1989] BCLC 626.Cahn, A. and Donald, D. (2010). Comparative company law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cheffins, B. (1997). Company law. Oxford: Clarendon Press Chiu, I. (2010). The foundations and anatomy of shareholder activism. Oxford: Hart Pub. Collison, D., Cross, S., Ferguson, J., Power, D. and Stevenson, L. (2014). Financialization and company law: A study of the UK Company Law Review. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(1), pp.5-16. Crespi, R. and Renneboog, L. (2010). Is (Institutional) Shareholder Activism New? Evidence from UK Shareholder Coalitions in the Pre-Cadbury Era. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 18(4), pp.274-295. Dashwood, A. and Ward, A. (2000). Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies Vol 2, 1999. Oxford: Hart Pub. Davies, P. and Rickford, J. (2008). An Introduction to the New UK Companies Act. European Company and Financial Law Review, 5(1). Dignam, A. and Lowry, J. (2006). Company law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Foss v Harbottle [1843] 67 ER 189. French, D., Mayson, S. and Ryan, C. (2012). Mayson, French Ryan on Company Law. Oxford: OUP Oxford. Grier, N., Griffin, S. and Capper, D. (1998). UK company law. Chichester: J. Wiley. Hannigan, B. (2003). Company law. London: LexisNexis UK. Hannigan, B. (2012). Company Law. Oxford: OUP Oxford. Judge, S. (2010). Company law. Oxford [UK]: Oxford University Press. Loughrey, J. (2013). Directors' duties and shareholder litigation in the wake of the financial crisis. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Olaerts, M. and Schwarz, C. (2012). Shareholder democracy. The Hague, The Netherlands: Eleven International Pub. Ottley, M. (2013). Company law. Abingdon, Oxon [UK]: Routledge. Progress Property Company Limited v Moorgarth Group Limited. [2010] UKSC 55. Sadler, P. (2002). Building tomorrow's company. London: Kogan Page. Villiers, C. (2006). Corporate reporting and company law. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Zetzsche, D. (2005). Shareholder Interaction Preceding Shareholder Meetings of Public Corporations A Six Country Comparison. European Company and Financial Law Review, 2(1).

Student retention free essay sample

Three ways to improve student retention are orientation programs, student services, and most importantly, student attitude and preparedness. Improving student retention is critical for student success. One way to improve student retention in community colleges are well developed orientation programs. Such programs can help prevent disaster and make a clear path for success in a college students future. For example, successful orientations should familiarize students with the services available and show them how to locate these services.Also, orientation programs should include personnel such as, advisors, tutoring staff and financial aid officers. Furthermore, good orientation programs should include information regarding school athletic activities, honor societies, clubs and organizations. Well developed orientation programs will benefit the student by creating a plan for academic success, improving student retention. Another way to improve student retention is by actively participating in a First Year Experience program.A First Year Experience class is a core curriculum acquirement for a first year student. We will write a custom essay sample on Student retention or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The purpose of this course is to integrate you into the life and culture of the college and to prepare you with the foundations for academic success. Active participation in a first year experience class will lead a student to success in college. For example, it helps a student become more confident academically. As a result, thriving In the college and beyond. These classes are also designed to help transition a student in becoming a successful life long learner.This type of program will infinite the student by creating a plan for academic success, improving student retention. The most important way to improve retention in community colleges is a students positive attitude. A students definitive state of mind can play an important role in being successful in college. Student attitude and accountability impacts retention. Therefore, a prepared and persistent student who attends every class on time, participates in class, and does homework on time, all play a critical role for success, improving student retention.In conclusion, students who make a connection with the classroom will see the results of their hard work, making them less vulnerable to failure. Such as challenging yourself and going the extra mile by getting the professional support needed to succeed. Also, utilizing orientation programs and student services are important for success. Likewise, a positive attitude and student preparedness will all lead to academic excellence as well. Therefore, student retention in community colleges play a critical role for student success.

Biography of Captain Henry Morgan, Welsh Privateer

Biography of Captain Henry Morgan, Welsh Privateer Sir Henry Morgan (c. 1635–August 25, 1688) was a Welsh privateer who fought for the English against the Spanish in the Caribbean during the 1660s and 1670s. He is remembered as the greatest of the privateers, amassing huge fleets, attacking prominent targets, and being the worst enemy of the Spanish since Sir Francis Drake. Although he made numerous raids all along the Spanish Main, his three most famous exploits were the 1668 sack of Portobello, the 1669 raid on Maracaibo, and the 1671 attack on Panama. Morgan was knighted by King Charles II of England and died in Jamaica a rich man. Fast Facts: Henry Morgan Known For: Captain Morgan was one of the most notorious privateers of the 17th century.Born: c.  1635 in Llanrhymny,  WalesDied: August 25, 1688 in Lawrencefield, Jamaica Early Life   Morgans exact date of birth is unknown, but he is believed to have been born sometime around 1635 in Monmouth County, Wales. He had two uncles who had distinguished themselves in the English military, and Henry decided as a young man to follow in their footsteps. He was with General Venables and Admiral Penn in 1654 when they captured Jamaica from the Spanish. Privateering Morgan soon took up a life of privateering, launching attacks up and down the Spanish Main and Central America. Privateers were like pirates, only legal- they were mercenaries who were allowed to attack enemy ships and ports. In exchange, they kept most of the loot, although they did share some with the crown. Morgan was one of many privateers who had a â€Å"license† to attack the Spanish as long as England and Spain were at war (they fought on and off during most of Morgan’s life). In times of peace, the privateers either took to outright piracy or more respectable trades such as fishing or logging. The English colony on Jamaica, a foothold in the Caribbean, was weak, so it behooved the English to have a large privateer force ready for times of war. Morgan excelled at privateering. His attacks were well-planned, he was a fearless leader, and he was very clever. By 1668 he was the leader of the Brethren of the Coast, a group of pirates, buccaneers, corsairs, and privateers. Attack on Portobello In 1667, Morgan was sent to sea to find some Spanish prisoners to confirm rumors of an attack on Jamaica. He had grown legendary  and soon found that he had a force of some 500 men in several ships. He captured some prisoners in Cuba, and then he and his captains decided to attack the rich town of Portobello. In July 1668, Morgan took Portobello by surprise and quickly overran its meager defenses. Not only did his men loot the town, but they essentially held it for ransom, demanding and receiving 100,000 pesos in exchange for not burning the city to the ground. Morgan left after about a month. The sack of Portobello resulted in huge shares of loot for everyone involved, and Morgans fame grew even greater. Raid on Maracaibo By October 1668, Morgan was restless and decided to head once again to the Spanish Main. He sent out word that he was organizing another expedition. Morgan went to Isla Vaca and waited while hundreds of corsairs and buccaneers rallied to his side. On March 9, 1669, he and his men attacked the La Barra fort, the main defense of Lake Maracaibo, and captured it without much difficulty. They entered the lake and sacked the towns of Maracaibo and Gibraltar, but they lingered too long and some Spanish warships trapped them by blocking off the narrow entrance to the lake. Morgan cleverly sent a fireship against the Spanish, and of the three Spanish ships, one was sunk, one captured, and one abandoned. After that, he tricked the commanders of the fort (which had been rearmed by the Spanish) to turn their guns inland, and Morgan sailed past them at night. It was the privateer at his most devious. Sack of Panama By 1671, Morgan was ready for one last assault on the Spanish. Again he gathered an army of pirates, and they decided to attack the rich city of Panama. With about 1,000 men, Morgan captured the San Lorenzo fort and began the march overland to Panama City in January 1671. The Spanish forces were in terror of Morgan and abandoned their defenses at the last moment. On January 28, 1671, the privateers and the defenders met in battle on the plains outside the city. It was an utter rout, and the city defenders were scattered in short order by the well-armed invaders. Morgan and his men sacked the city and were gone before any help could arrive. Although it was a successful raid, much of Panamas loot was shipped away before the pirates arrived, so it was the least profitable of Morgans three major ventures. Fame Panama would be Morgans last great raid. By then, he was very rich and influential in Jamaica and had a great deal of land. He retired from privateering, but the world did not forget him. Spain and England had signed a peace treaty before the Panama raid (whether or not Morgan knew of the treaty before he attacked is a matter of some debate) and Spain was furious. Sir Thomas Modyford, the governor of Jamaica who had authorized Morgan to sail, was relieved of his post and sent to England, where he would eventually receive a light punishment. Morgan, too, was sent to England, where he spent a couple of years as a celebrity, dining in the fancy homes of lords who were fans of his exploits. He was even asked his opinion on how to improve Jamaicas defenses. Not only was he never punished, but he was knighted and sent back to Jamaica as lieutenant governor. Death Morgan returned to Jamaica, where he spent his days drinking with his men, running his estates, and fondly telling war stories. He helped organize and improve the defenses of Jamaica and administered the colony while the governor was absent, but he never again went to sea. He died on August 25, 1688, and was given a royal send-off. Morgan lay in state at the Kings House in Port Royal, ships anchored in the harbor fired their guns in salute, and his body was carried through town on a gun carriage to St. Peters Church. Legacy Morgan left behind a complicated legacy. Although his attacks put constant pressure on relations between Spain and England, Englishmen of all social classes loved him and enjoyed his exploits. Diplomats loathed him for violating their treaties, but the almost supernatural fear the Spanish had for him most likely helped drive them to the negotiating table in the first place. Still, Morgan probably did more harm than good. He helped build Jamaica into a strong English colony in the Caribbean and was responsible for lifting Englands spirits during an otherwise grim time in history, but he also was guilty of the death and torture of countless innocent Spanish civilians and spread terror far and wide on the Spanish Main. Captain Morgan remains a legend today, and his effect on popular culture has been considerable. He is considered one of the greatest pirates ever, even though he was actually not a pirate but a privateer (and would have been offended to be called a pirate). Certain places are still named for him, such as Morgans Valley in Jamaica and Morgans Cave on San Andres Island. His most visible presence today is probably as the mascot for the Captain Morgan brands of spiced rum and spirits. There are hotels and resorts named after him, as well as any number of small businesses in the places he frequented. Sources Cordingly, David. Under the Black Flag: the Romance and the Reality of Life among the Pirates. Random House, 2006.Earle, Peter G. The Sack of Panam Captain Morgan and the Battle for the Caribbean. Thomas Dunne Books, 2007.

Collegial vs. Collegiate

Collegial vs. Collegiate Collegial vs. Collegiate Collegial vs. Collegiate By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between collegial and collegiate? Both words, and the root word college and the related term colleague, stem from the Latin word collega, meaning â€Å"colleague.† But for the most part, collegial refers to a state of mind, while collegiate is a more concrete adjective. A colleague is one with whom one works or interacts in a profession, a government office, or a religious environment, and though collegial can refer to the sharing of authority or power among colleagues in both religious and secular contexts, the primary connotation is a value-laden one of camaraderie. However, it is sometimes employed as a synonym for a specific sense of collegiate. That word’s primary usage is in reference to college students or their activities; sports contests between teams representing different colleges or universities, for example, are referred to as intercollegiate athletics. Collegiate, however, also refers to a certain type of religious entity mentioned below. College itself usually refers to an institution of higher learning, either in the sense of a building or a campus of buildings and other facilities or in the sense of its students, faculty, and administration. A college may be a traditional liberal arts institution or may specialize in professional, technical, or vocational subject areas, such as a business college. The term is also used to refer to a constituent part of a university, often consisting of multiple departments offering courses of study in the same general area, such as a college of sciences. Often, when colleges expand so much that they are subdivided for administrative and educational efficiency, they change their status to that of a university. (That word derives from the Latin term for universe; meanwhile, varsity, a shortening and alteration of university, is British English slang for university and refers in general to the primary squad on a school athletic team or, occasionally, in another competitive endeavor. Other uses of the term college are for a group of clergy members living and working together, for any body of people with the same interests or goals, or, most familiarly, in the phrase â€Å"electoral college,† referring to a group of people selected to elect a person for a political office. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two People20 Rules About Subject-Verb AgreementParataxis and Hypotaxis

KWL Reading Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

KWL Reading Strategy - Essay Example Though it is good to teach the students by following the curriculum, but for the physical education there is no curriculum designed to follow. However, students are given different tasks and activities to perform. Each student has a different activity to perform it helps to deal with differences of individuals students. It can improve the abilities of each child individually because each student will be given task according to his or her skills. It is also important to consult with a physical therapist for development of each child. The APE should perform its duties to train the students and  to  enhance the skills of special students. During the training session, each student should be evaluated after every month. The progress of the student will be assessed by the teacher (Block, 2011). As each student is assigned with the different goals and objectives, it is the best practice that is known as IEP. The other instructors of the school may suggest some more positive changes for more effectiveness of the plans. The school is working according to the IDEA for those students with disabilities that want special education. Teaching the different kind of students provided more ideas to deal with them by offering a different and new activity. In order to effectively run an IEP during the PE, the teacher should have goals for each student based on their interests, skills and abilities. Furthermore, the assistant teacher will be required to run those activities. While teaching the students it is crucial to consider the parent’s interests, the student’s interest and provide guidance to survive in the community (Block,

Inquiring Minds want to know Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Inquiring Minds want to know - Assignment Example The data was further about a single population, readers of publications. Even though many types of longitudinal surveys exist, trend study best identifies the used survey. This survey type identifies a target population from which a sample, at each trial, is selected and analysis conducted at the different times to determine and explain possible difference. The type of study can be conducted over any time gap and may use different participants as well as different researchers (Copper and Schindler, n.d.). Many issues exist to validity and reliability of the applied survey type. Core to the concerns is the flexible scope of trend studies longitudinal surveys that allows for difference in researchers and research participants. Such a difference offers a biased basis for comparing results because of difference in research environments across the research times. The study, for example, sought to determine effectiveness of publication advertising in generating leads and difference in consumers’ response approach to advertisements based on technology changes may offer a biased platform for comparing effectiveness of publication advertising across the considered time points. This means that identified effectiveness of publication advertising in the year 1997 could have been underestimated because of responses by other means other than the considered cards. Availability of free toll lines for customers’ enquiries and availability of web sites from which consumers could make inq uiries and orders, in the year 2007, are examples of changes in the study that undermined reliability and validity of longitudinal survey (The University of Texas, n.d.; Copper and Schindler, n.d.). The survey method is also demanding in terms of resources. It requires time because data collection must consider data from at least two different periods. This further identifies the need for comparison and higher expenses on requirements

Critical Thinking and Ethics Essay Example for Free

Critical Thinking and Ethics Essay In a discussion of ethics, critical thinking may not be the first term that comes to mind, unless opposing. However in some ways, critical thinking can the foundation, from which an ethical decision is made. This paper will explain the relationship between critical thinking and ethics, how the principles and rules of critical thinking are applicable to ethical reasoning, and if ethical decisions would be necessary if everyone followed the rules of logic. Is Critical Thinking Applicable to Ethical Reasoning? Ethical reasoning is based on the principles of what is considered right and wrong. Critical thinking on the other hand, warrants more of a thought process, causing one to analyze the situation from all aspects before reaching a conclusion. â€Å"By taking the path of a critical thinker, a person develops a mental process of evaluation which helps to determine their ethical standards† (Mnmelillo, 2010, Professional Growth, para. 1). Logic versus Ethical Reasoning The purpose of logic is to find that which is true. Logical thinking processes are often times used in ethics to answer important moral questions. However logic does not guarantee a morally correct outcome. For example, the legalization of marijuana is constantly under debate. Using the rules of logic, one would be able to see both the pros and cons of this argument. Although drug use is considered unethical by US government standards, even for medicinal use, the state of California, has legalized medicinal marijuana. In this particular case or should I say state, the rules of logic did not produce a morally correct result. Conclusion Ethical reasoning and critical thinking are derived from different  processes, although there are circumstances in which one is necessary to reach a decision regarding the other. As with critical thinking, there are no hard rules determining the use of ethics, considering what may be unethical in some cultures, for example, may prove to be ethical in another. Ultimately the use of ethics versus critical thinking or logic is determined by the situation at hand. Reference: Mnmelillo, N. (2010). What is the relationship between critical thinking and ethics? Triad Search Marketing: Professional Growth. Retrieved from http://www.triadsearchmarketing.com/what-is-the-relationship-between-critical-thinking-and-ethics/