English class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

English class - Essay Example articles and journals that support this motion while drawing reference to The Constitution of the United States of America and supports the idea that the drinking age ought to be lowered. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 highlights the ethical benefits of setting the minimum drinking age of the American population at 21. Although some states have completely instituted a ban on the consumption, purchase and handling of drinks to the minimum age required, others allow them although under tight restrictions. The national law in specific requires all state laws to prohibit public possession of alcoholic beverages by minors. However, the public possession law does not apply to possession of beverages in religious functions, while in the company of adults and parents who are older than 21 years. The law also does not term it as a crime when a medical practitioner such as a physician, doctor or nurse prescribes an alcoholic drink to a patient. It is also not illegal for a minor to possess and consume alcoholic beverages in a private function. Some observers point out the illogic of the age according to decision making process. Constitutionally, any person who h as attained the age of 18 is regarded as an adult and has a right to vote in national elections. An adult according to the law is a person who can make informed decisions and be accountable to the government. There should be no special application of the bill of rights to this class of people when it comes to drinking laws. An adult is an adult, so long as constitutionally one is perceived to be capable of making informed judgments. Thus, the law ought to be repealed to lower the age to 18. According to Zimmer and Hatch (n.p.), the law prohibiting the sale and consumption of alcoholic drinks to persons of 18 years has failed. Many arguments have been raised on the impracticability of the issue. Zimmer and Hatch, (n.p.) compares the alcohol related problems of America and the united kingdom and comes

The object of grammar Essay Example for Free

The object of grammar Essay Two types of grammar: normative, theoretical. Two parts of grammar: morphology, syntax. Grammar is a branch of Linguistics which studies the grammatical structure of language. The grammatical structure covers the rules of changing words and rules of arranging the forms of words into phrases and sentences. Grammar may study the gr. Structure of a language in different aspects. So? We distinguish: historical grammar which describes the str. of words, phrases, sentences in the process of their historical development; comparative gr. which deals with comparison of gr. systems of different languages; descriptive gr. analyses the gr. system of a language as it exists at a certain period of time. Grammar is divided into 2 types: Normative and Theoretical. Normative (Practical) Grammar gives rules how to build correct forms of words and syntactical constructions. It teaches to write and speak correctly. Theoretical (Scientific) Grammar describes the language as a system, studies the components of that system and relations between them. Theoretical gr. explains and analyses the most difficult phenomena of a language. It gives different concepts of these phenomena and helps linguists to be guided in linguistic literature in order to form a certain opinion of this or that theoretical form. Grammar is divided also into 2 parts: Morphology and Syntax. Morphology is a part of Grammar which studies the most characteristic features of classes of words. These classes are called parts of speech. Morphology studies not a single word, but the whole classes. Syntax is a part of Grammar which studies phrases and sentences, their structure, classification and combinations. Syntax is a system of 2 levels-that of phrases, that of sentences. It may be said that, in a way, morphology is more abstract than syntax, as it does not study connections between words actually used together in sentences, but connections between forms actually found in different sentences. In another way, however, morphology would appear to be less abstract than syntax, as it studies units of a smaller and more compact kind, whereas syntax deals with larger units, whose types and varieties are hard to number.

How to Create a Bug :: Viruses Computers Technology Essays

How to Create a Bug ATTR newbie on items for sale ? hair item nebie status is lost ? with client 3.0, does a .sleep then walks, and it generates hair tiles, did a .set flags 4 to freeze him and he insta-died.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  then when i ressed him he kept his death shroud. port 3593 for the accounts ? no sparring for a long time before goin to war is frustrating but can be handled but resignin towns and loggin off need changes. 1 resigning - a person can resign a town while you are attacking him then call the guards on you or what happened to me last night i killed a guy i let him live after than he resigned his town few minutes later he walked close by me and my char auto attacked him i got guardwhacked(can we say insane?) 2 often when you start killing someone in town they will log off making their char disappear(whats the point to war if they just log off to be safe?) ps guys that make a wad of bears THEN join a town and attack you needs fixed also means if you are gonna be safe you need to take out the bears of everyone around you incase they do join the town thats a fast way to make people mad for no reason  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   if you double click your axe, and then on a tree it says something like   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  'try chopping a tree' after numerous trys all over the globe,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I found that if you chop at a tree with your daggar (make some kindling! WHOOHOOO!)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you can then chop the tree with your axe, afterwards. Hope this helps anybody else   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  who's having trouble with this! @INPVAL for a simple value input ! console - turn Off logging, you cant turn it on 3) Provocation still :) 4) A function's for skill menus to got a dialog spider webs people get stuck in dont time out, they are stuck forever started .ACCOUNT ADDMAIL name email when taking too much alcohol all your stats goto 0, and you need to kill yourself to get them back. Any keyword to turn that off in the ini? TEST - saving house region tags house 4270 skill to gump ? wack = fail speelll for npc;'s keyword to route skill creat to gumps MAKEITEM replication for shafts? jail return point = TAG.JAILRETURN log out while sleeping. There's also some problem with healing animals with bandages (veterinary). When you start healing them it keeps on healing at a quick rate, as if you were holding down "last object / last target" macro button

Journey To The Remnants of Early Christian and Byzantine Era Essay

For this cultural trip, we are going to traverse two continents namely, Asia and Europe. The places we are going to visit are representations of the art style during the period of early Christian and Byzantine which is characterized by the â€Å"love of beauty, orderly symmetry, and artistic form, in poetic conceptions and exuberance of imagination. † Also, it was during this period that Christianity flourished which influenced the supremacy of architecture (Oldandsold. com â€Å"Early Christian and Byzantine Sculpture†). Europe and Middle East are the regions where early Christian and Byzantine Art reached its peak. To get a closer glimpse of the beauty and to fully appreciate the aesthetic of this period, we are going to Israel, Turkey and Italy (See Illustration 9). In these countries, we will be seeing the different architectural prowess left by the early Christian and Byzantine era. We will be visiting the following landmarks: The Hagia Sophia Church and the Byzantine Hippodrome which are both located in Istanbul, Turkey (See Illustrations 1 and 2), Church of Holy Sepulcher and the Temple of King Herod which are both located at Jerusalem, Israel (See Illustrations 3 and 4), and Sant’ Apolinare in Classe and San Vitale which are both situated at Ravenna, Italy (See Illustrations 5 and 6), and Santa Sabina and St. John Lateran which are both located in Rome, Italy (See Illustrations 7 and8). Hagia Sophia Church was a former place of worship which turned into a museum that showcased the Golden Age of the Byzantine period. This architectural gem is designed with an extensive orange interior and a vast exquisite interior. Visitors can feast their eyes on the â€Å"Arabic calligraphic writings from the Ottoman empire, green and purple columns,† vibrant stain-colored glasses and intricate mosaics which are all over the place (Guideistanbul. net â€Å"Hagia Sophia Church†). Meanwhile, the Byzantine Hippodrome used to be the heart of politics and sports at the height of the Ottoman regime. Presently, this landmark had been transformed into a city park and was renamed as At Meydani which means Horse Grounds. A variety of structures can be seen in this place such as the â€Å"3,500 year old Egyptian Obelisk of Theodosius, spiral bronze base of a three-headed serpent sculpture, temple-like fountain constructed by Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany and the Milion, zero-mile-marker at Mese which is the road between Rome and Constantinople† (Turkeytravelplanner. com â€Å"Byzantine Hippodrome, Istanbul†). Now, let us go to Israel. The first stop would be at Church of Holy Sepulcher. This is a Christian church erected on the area where Jesus was crucified and buried. Many have visited this place for pilgrimage and it â€Å"remains the holiest Christian site in the world. † The church is ornamented with crusader facades, â€Å"ancient crosses carved on staircases,† â€Å"Greek Orthodox Cavalry. † Another interesting fact about this place is that many believe that this is the location of the â€Å"actual tomb of Christ† (Sacred-Destinations. com â€Å"Church of Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem†). On the other hand, the Temple of King Herod had undergone two renovations. When the Second Temple was ruined, only the Western or Wailing Wall remained which is now deemed to be the â€Å"holiest prayer site for the Jews. † This site is also believed to be the place where Abraham offered Isaac, his son to God (Peck â€Å"King Herod’s temple quarry unearthed†). After Israel, let us now move to Italy. In Classe, a suburb in Ravenna, the Sant’ Apolinare Church can be found wherein the â€Å"mosaics in aspe is the main attraction. † Another church in Ravenna is San Vitale. It is considered the predecessor of the Hagia Sophia which was built 10 years before when the Roman regime was dwindling. â€Å"The series of arches, interlocking spaces, and mosaics† are some of the major features of this establishment that makes San Vitale an enticing place (VirtualTourist. com â€Å"Ravenna Travel Guide†). More so, Santa Sabina is regarded as the most prominent symbol of an early Christian church in the city of Rome. People go to this site to see the 5th century doors with carvings of biblical scenes, â€Å"two dozen Corinthian columns,† and a mosaic tomb from the year 1300 (Sacred-Destinations. com â€Å"Santa Sabina, Rome†). Another early Christian architecture in Rome is the Basilica of St. John Lateran. This structure is the â€Å"Cathedral of Bishop of Rome. † The â€Å"two-storied portico at the faced,† numerous statues of saints and Jesus Christ, â€Å"Roman central bronze doors,† â€Å"cosmatesque pavement in the nave† and â€Å"the graceful baldacchio at the altar are the highlight features of this magnificent architecture (Sacred-Destinations. com â€Å"St. John Lateran, Rome†). Works Cited â€Å"Byzantine Hippodrome, Istanbul. † 2008. Turkeytravelplanner. com. 31 July 2008 . â€Å"Church of Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem. † 2008. Sacred-Destinations. com. 31 July 2008 . â€Å"Early Christian And Byzantine Sculpture. † 1896. Oldandsold. com. 31 July 2008 . â€Å"Hagia Sophia Church. † 2008. Guideistanbul. net. 31 July 2008 . Peck, Sally. â€Å"King Herod’s temple quarry unearthed. † 25 September 2007. Telegraph. co. uk. 31 July 2008 . â€Å"Ravenna Travel Guide. † 2008. VirtualTourist. com. 1 August 2008 < http://www. virtualtourist. com/travel/Europe/Italy/Emilia_Romagna/Ravenna-145052/Things_To_Do-Ravenna-Churches-BR-5. html>. â€Å"Santa Sabina, Rome. † 2008. Sacred-Destinations. com. 1 August 2008 . â€Å"St. John Lateran, Rome. † 2008. Sacred-Destinations. com. 1 August 2008 .

Thinking Errors Found and Fixed

The Franklin Reality Model is a modeling technique that works to restructure thinging errors by way of cognitive thinking. Process is a step by step process where as you have a decision to make and you are given a few decisions, you make the one that you think will work, for whatever reason. Step two of this process is deciphering what effects come about from that decision, effectively you will begin to see a ripple effect based upon your choice.This ripple effect can be positive or negative, once again depending upon your choice but the technique gets one to thinking about the simple effects of what seems to be a simple solution until they learn to start thinking ahead about their actions before they act. To live, to love and be loved, to feel important, and variety are the basic components of this model. There are also seven natural laws within this model and they are 1. If the results of your behavior do not meet your needs, there is an incorrect principle on your belief window.2) Results take time to measure. 3) Growth is the process of changing principles on your belief window. 4) If your self-worth is dependent on anything external, you are in big trouble. 5) Addictive behavior is the result of deep and unmet needs (of the four human needs mentioned above). 6) The mind will naturally seek harmony when presented with two opposing principles. 7) When the results of your behavior do meet your needs you experience inner peace. (Franklin Reality Model)In this model we place principles upon our beliefs. For example Saving money is a waste because I’m going to spend it anyway is a belief on a principle. With this thought then you can be assured that you won’t save any money and there will come a time when a repair on a vehicle is needed, or you lose a job and have no money to pay your bills; when this happens then what? This model has been effectively used and has effectively altered people’s way of thinking.Those with behaviorial issues to those with addiction issues have benefitted from this and the developers of this program use it with a high rate of recidivism within the prison systems. This gets to the root of an issue, of a bad thought pattern, how can one ignore this and at least not try. It is an eye opener exercise for everyone. References FRANKLIN REALITY MODEL. AS COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING. 1986. http://www. gwcinc. com/C_Reddick/FranklinRealityModelAsCognitiveRestructuring. htm

Rich and Poor Essay Example

Rich and Poor Essay Example Rich and Poor Essay Rich and Poor Essay The divide between the rich and the poor can be roughly divided into the rich north and the poor south. The north consists of first world countries like the USA, England and France. The south consists of third world countries like India, Kenya and Brazil. The jobs available in third world countries are mainly in shoe or clothe factories. In these places workers are treated as a commodity. Christians believe this is wrong and Christian aid agencies like CAFOD aim to get fair working hours and wages for these people. They also help towns and villages to build their own wells and schools. Without these agencies the rich would get richer and the poor would get poorer.A recent example of the third world being exploited is the case of the Brazilian shoe makers. In the case of Leo she has been working in a shoe factory for seven years and like all workers is paid a meagre wage for work that could be hazardous to health. Christian aid agencies strive to rectify this problem by campaigning fo r fair wages and sensible working conditions for those employed by shoe manufacturers. However one of the problems with the workforce is the fact that if one employee makes a stand they are fired, there are always many more willing workers to take the persons place.Christians feel that this is very unfair as the worker is only standing up for their rights as a citizen of humanity. Leo says, I really want workers to be valued and not treated as commodities which can be discarded. Without us no shoes would be made, yet our own children dont even wear shoes! One day I hope to see all workers receiving a just wage and not being humiliated.In 1948 the UN (United Nations) declared these basic human rights:* Everyone has the right to attend attend meetings and join associations (trade unions).* Everyone has the right to work under just and favourable conditions.* Everyone has the right to equal pay for equal work.* Everyone has the right to fair pay to enable him/her and his/her family to live with self-respect.Employment is a basic need for everybody because people who are employed are paid and people need money to buy food and shelter for themselves and their families. Without those basic requirements we would die so is it fair that these people are forced to nearly kill themselves working so they can survive? Christians also ask this question and to rectify this problem they help to build buildings and show people how to grow their own crops using more modern methods. This makes the third world more self-sufficient and so they are not relying on jobs in the factories so much. Christians believe that every single human being is made in the image of God. The factory managers by destroying people from the inside out are effectively destroying a part of God that should be treated with respect like God intended for all his creations.In the Bible we are taught that to enter in to eternal life we must sell all we have and give everything to the poor. All these rich facto ry owners are giving the poor is inadequate wages and health problems, whether physical or emotional. These workers are being enslaved virtually because they cant do anything about it. The Bible tells us that all people are equal in the eyes of God however some are choosing to ignore this and are ignoring the needs of the poor. In the story of the rich man and Lazarus we are told that the rich man went to Hell because he did not help the poor. He didnt go to Hell because he treated Lazarus badly but because he ignored his needs as a human being. Christians are taught that they should help those less fortunate and those in distress because it is the right thing to do and otherwise they will go to Hell. It is every humans right to live under favourable conditions and Christians believe that everyone should help those that arent.Christians try to emulate Jesus as closely as possible in their daily lives. Jesus was very poor and was so since his birth in a stable. Christians try to live as he did by giving all they have to charities that can then help those in need. Perhaps Jesus would be shocked, if he came back in the twentieth century, by Christians giving to charities rather than directly helping those in need. However I do not think Jesus would have a problem with this as he taught that everyone should be equal and the charities are helping those in need.Some Christians are so involved in helping the poor that a movement called Liberation Theology has emerged. This is a group of people that believe the Gospel tells us to fight actively against the oppression of the poor. Such people include Archbishop Oscar Romero. He spoke out against the abuse of human rights in his sermons and was eventually assassinated in 1980 by four masked gunmen during one of his sermons. His last words were May Christs sacrifice give us the courage to offer our own bodies for justice and peace.Jesus was not a political figure in the normal sense, however he did hold some extremely po litical views. Jesus did not openly challenge the government in, for example, a debate but did fight for people freedom and rights as human beings. He did challenge the government but from the homes of the people. He did everything from the peoples perspective, so he knew exactly what was wrong where. Jesus fought against the poverty of the people and the ignorance of those in power but only through words. Jesus never resorted to violence and even taught that fighting was wrong. Christians realise this and do not fight against the government physically but instead use words and peaceful protests to make themselves heard and understood. However this isnt always enough in the modern world and some Christians ignore the teachings and use violence instead but only as a last resort. These people are known by some as terrorists, by others as freedom fighters it depends on whom theyre fighting.Some Christians are members of organisations such as CAFOD Christian Agency For Overseas Developm ent. Organisations such as these rely on the support of people in general, not just Christians to donate money. CAFOD has many campaigns for fair trading and equal rights. CAFOD has a game called Trading Trainers. By playing this game people are encouraged to think about how much money hard workers in the third world are being cheated out of. By doing this CAFOD encourages us to take a more active part in campaigning for fair pay. CAFOD also pesters big companies to sell products at a price that will give the workers a fair wage and encourages manufacturers to adopt codes of conduct which will improve working conditions and Christians state of mind.

Dances With Wolves- Lakota Sioux essays

Dances With Wolves- Lakota Sioux essays Dances With Wolves, an academe award-winning movie, is about a solder that is united with a Sioux tribe. This movie however does not go into much detail about the Sioux tribes life. The Tribe has a very orderly system within its government, how their women are incorporated within the daily tribes duties, and how the tribes uses its land and its surroundings. As stated above, the Sioux tribe has a very stable government system. The tribe believes in the separation of power within the group, almost comparable to how the United States is ran on the checks and balances system. The tribe even has an attorney general who provides the enforcement of the codes of ethics, codes of the land, and the codes of commerce. If there is an appeal to the codes or anything to that nature, then they can appeal it to the Supreme Court level group. At the head or center of the tribe are the Board Members. The members are usually the elders of the tribe and are chosen by their wisdom, integrity, and knowledge of their culture. This is seen in the movie when Kevin Costners character is first taken to the tribe and he gets to be in the meeting. Women can also be involved in the government system, though it was not shown very good in the film. The women in the tribe are not excluded form the government as like it has been in the western civilizations. The main reason that women are involved in decision-making is because the tribe believes that input of all views are necessary for the stability of the tribe. Some of the jobs that women held or could do within the government were being able to choose or fire a chief and they also helped negotiate treaties. In some rare cases, women could even be chief. At the very lest, women could influence their husbands. Which was commonly done. This was portrayed in the movie when the wife asked the husband if their daughter was done mourning. The Sioux also had many uses with the land. As showed in ...

Accelerative Integrated Method (AIM) for Teaching

Accelerative Integrated Method (AIM) for Teaching The foreign language teaching methodology known as Accelerative Integrated Method (AIM) uses gestures, music, dance, and theater to help students learn a foreign language. The method is most frequently used with children and has been met with a lot of success.The basic premise of AIM is that students learn and remember better when they do something that goes along with the words they are saying. For example, when the students say regard (in French meaning to look), they hold their hands in front of their eyes in the shape of binoculars. This gesture approach includes defined gestures for hundreds of essential French words, known as pared down language. The gestures are then combined with theater, storytelling, dance, and music to help students remember and use the language.Teachers have found great success with this integrative approach to language learning; in fact, some students achieve results comparable to those programs that use full immersion teaching methods, even when the AIM -educated students only study the language for a few hours a week. Many classrooms have found that children often feel comfortable expressing themselves in the new language from the first lesson. By participating in many different kinds of activities in the target language, students learn to think and write creatively. Students are also encouraged and given the opportunity to practice oral communication in the language theyre learning.   AIM is particularly well-suited for children, but it could be adapted for older students.Accelerative Integrated Method was developed by French teacher Wendy Maxwell. In 1999, she won the Canadian Prime Ministers Award for Teaching Excellence and, in 2004, won The H.H. Stern award from the Canadian Association of Second Language Teachers. Both of these prestigious awards are given to educators who show great innovation in the classroom.

Analyzing Organisation Behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analyzing Organisation Behavior - Assignment Example Democratic organisations are effective because they encourage creativity, job satisfaction and high productivity1. When companies need to make quick decisions, democratic styles becomes ineffective due to delayed decision-making process. Some companies use Laissez-faire style; under this style, leaders give their team members a lot of freedom to work and set deadlines on their own2. This style is effective where workers have the knowledge, skills and self-motivation to work. The organizational theory seeks to meet the presumed concerns and needs of the managers through providing them with theoretical frameworks that they can deploy in order to achieve the competitive advantage. Organisation theory addresses the problems of planning, organising, and controlling the organisation3. The practice of management is concerned with the practical aspects of running businesses. Companies apply the general principles of the theory of organisation to solve the challenges facing the organisation. Asda hires employees with advanced degrees in management subjects to executive positions; this is because the company believes that trained employees have equipped themselves with the theoretical aspects of the management, which they will apply in their practice. The approaches to management that companies can adopt include bureaucracy, human relations, and situational approaches. Asda’s approaches to leadership are situational and bureaucracy; the company believes that management actions are determined by certain actions outside the system or subsystem. According to situational approach, organisational actions should be based on behaviour of actions in order to ensure proper integration of the system with the environment4. Situational approach is effective to Asda because it enables the management to provide for flexibility in dealing with issues. This approach, however, has been criticised in other organisations such as Kodak and Nestle

Police Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Police Culture - Essay Example The activities are aimed for making arrangements for making sure that all the laws and rules are being followed. Policing is a part of almost every civilized country as it is important to enforce the rules and laws with in the countries for establishing peace and living with harmony. In short, it can be said that policing includes all the activities that are being performed by the government body established for enforcement of law and prevention of crime. Policing can be said as a strong and powerful profession. The profession of policing does not only include the organization of police but it also includes other organizations like community police, security guards, custom officers and bouncers and so on. Hence any institute that is aimed to control the social activities for maintaining the peaceful environment come under the category of policing. 1 Policing can be known as the set of activities that are being performed for some objectives. ... Detecting the crime is also the responsibility of policing. After detecting the crime, punishing the criminal or offender is also the role of policing. Protecting the assets and life of the people is also the role of policing. Preserving the public tranquility. Enforcement flaws, rules and policies are one of the major responsibilities of policing. Development of sound relationships between the police and the public. Improving the quality of life. Dealing with every kind of anti social behavior. Protecting the human rights. Promoting the ethical values. The above stated are the few responsibilities of the policing. Although, there are many other objectives but these were the basic aims and objectives of policing. It can be observed that it is not easy to perform the duties of police and achieving all the objectives of policing. It is not easy to enforce the laws over the society and also to deal with criminals and offenders. The policing activities sometimes do involve a lot of risk in it. It is a profession that can give a lot of respect if the responsibilities are being performed sincerely with full dedication. The same profession can lead to disrespect, if wrong means are taken and the duties are not performed with sincerity. The policing activities require that the professional should be strong person who can face every kind of risk and danger. Apart of risk sometimes disrespect and anger for the people has also to be faced y the policing professionals. So, policing is something that can not be taken as a simple job to do instea d it requires strong people for performing the powerful duties. 2 Police Culture There are different aspects, in which the term police culture stands for, in

Plate tectonics and geodynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plate tectonics and geodynamics - Essay Example Therefore, such components will melt at different temperatures and conditions, a process known as partial melting (Morgan & Chen, 1993 p6285). The process of partial melting takes place in the mantle (Best, 2009 p33). The mantle has four basic components; oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron which have low melting points. Additionally, the upper mantle, which is below the ridges of the ocean, melts, since it comprises of the lithosphere that is brittle and fractures easily under low temperatures (Griffith, 1998 p67). Under normal circumstance, the mantle is formed of a solid rock substance called the peridotite (Annen & Zellmer, 2008 53). Partial melting of the peridotite is caused by the heat generated when rocks slide against one another on the base of the lithosphere, causing frictional kinetic energy at the subduction points (Sinton & Detrick, 1992 p198). This generates heat, which causes some elements of the peridotite with a low melting point to melt (Morgan & Chen, 1993 p6289). Consequently, partial melting occurs on the upper mantle, where the peridotite is melt to form a semi-solid substance called the magma (Best, 2009 p30). When the peridotite is melt, the semi-liquid substance formed is less dense than the materials above it. This is because, at such high temperatures, the magma is in a liquid state, which has a low density compared to the solid materials that are on the earth’s crust (Best, 2009 p28). The less dense magma looks for ways to escape upwards and settle above the solid components above it, due to its low viscosity and low density. Therefore, the hotter liquid substance will rise carrying its temperature with it, until it reaches a point where the temperatures are low. Here, its density is increased through solidification (Griffith, 1998 p70). Oceanic ridges tend to move from one another, creating a channel through which the magma can rise from the mantel of the earth to the earth’s crust

Clarifies the problems, and relates these problems to appropriate Term Paper

Clarifies the problems, and relates these problems to appropriate management theory, suggests 3 practical initial strategies the company could consider to address the issues - Term Paper Example Specific issues that will be discussed in this paper include: the problems that affect leadership, suggestions on how to solve them, the benefits that result from the suggestions, and the theory of leadership. The culture in Ecobot was one that undermined its employees. The mindset was that ‘labor is cheap’ which resulted to the organization investing most of its resources on the machinery and the processes. The culture got justification from the fantastic results and strong performance of the company. The human resource was forgotten as a result. The statement that labor is cheap meant that employees were dispensable and that resources should not be set aside to invest in them. Such a culture resulted to poor working conditions and low morale from employees. The customers were affected as a result due to the lack of customer service, which is viewed by the increased customer complaints. Ecobot should change its organizational culture. It should embrace policies and values that aim at empowering their employees. It can do so by rewriting its corporate goals and visions to statements that aim at making the organization the best in its field while treating its employees well (Thompson, 2014). It should adopt practices that empower its employees such as training programs, involving them in decision making procedures, and changing the mindset of everyone in the organization that employees are a valuable resource that should be invested in (Dwayne, 2010). Ecobot has raised the leadership roles of its leaders such that they do almost everything as the employees watch. Such an environment is not good for the leaders as they may overwhelm themselves with the operations, which may result into frustration, fatigue, and stress. Their productivity levels will decrease reducing the profitability of the company. Empowering leaders to such extremes result to mistreatment and demeaning of employees. It may also lead to embezzlement and

Entrepreneurship and social enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Entrepreneurship and social enterprise - Essay Example This organization was founded by two young college graduates named Matthew Slotover, a psychology graduate and Amanda Sharp, a PPE Graduate. They were assisted by Tom Gidley, an art college student. Mathew Slotover after completing his graduation from Oxford University has decided to work for him. He started to visit art gallery with his friend, which sparked the passion for contemporary art. This made him to combine his passion for arts combine with his dream to become boss. A promotion in the Guardian newspaper worked as catalyst where the works of few unknown artists with prices as well as contact details were shown. This made Matthew to think of creating a hybrid catalogue or magazine in which the artists can produce their works along with prices. This will make them reach to a wide range of consumers at a time and was expected to revolutionize the ways in which contemporary art world worked. In June 1991, the first edition of Frieze magazine was published. Frieze has grown as a significant company that had 44 employees and a turnover of 5 million, by focusing on art galleries as their major customers and applying their skills and expertise in desk-top publishing. Today, Frieze is operating as the most popular art magazine of Europe and is also gaining a strong position in United States. The Frieze Art Fair that was launched in London in 2003 was one of the top-tier art fairs that gained global recognition. The present case study has given the opportunity to analyze the situation in which the organization is going through and suggest the best possible option in which they can gain higher profitability. In this regards the paper will be focusing on the reasons that brought huge success for Frieze, their current stage according to the organizational life cycle and the best suitable strategy that they need to follow. Reasons for success At the launch of the magazine in 1991 Mathew started to work on the magazine so that it can be a grand success. Carl was a ga llery owner and a major player in the booming contemporary art world of London. He turned down the idea saying that the artists will not like to use magazines for displaying their work and they are used to with the galleries for displaying their works. Stuart Morgan was an eminent critic in the leading magazines of UK, emphasized on the fact that credibility of the magazine will be lost if they even one thing to sale. This feedback given by these eminent people was taken seriously by Mathew and was one of the major reasons for the success of their first magazine. Matthew decided to change the vision of the magazine by removing the sale side from the magazine and keeping the editorial content and keep the talk about arts. Matthew was joined by other two members and the total team of three started on work on the new issue. They decided on the name and rented a space from where they can operate. Recession started impacting the economy of UK, which acted as a blessing in disguise for â €˜Frieze’. The art world became less busy and the Frieze team was able to contact many of the eminent persons who were willing to offer their advice and time, which were very important for Frieze. Stuart Morgan’s help was also a big contribution towards the success of the business. Apart from this, contribution of all the team members who has devoted all their efforts and ideas towards

Perspective on International Trade and Finance Assignment

Perspective on International Trade and Finance - Assignment Example This paper focuses on the trade disputes involving China, the impact and the determinants of foreign exchange rates, the valuation of the Chinese currency before and after the reforms. This paper also discusses the options that are available to China for reform of its exchange rate system. Introduction The level of exports by China had amplified radically from $250 billion in the year 2000 to a proposed $1,500 billion in the year 2009. This massive increase of Chinese exports severely hampered rival businesses in the developed countries, predominantly the Europe and the United States. In 2001, China entered the World Trade Organization (WTO), which ascertained China the right to export to countries like US and the Europe. Nevertheless, the entry to the WTO necessitated China to stick on to certain regulations that were required to endorse fair trade and generate a level playing ground for all. Various issues such as the safeguard of intellectual property, labour and environmental ben chmarks, health and safety apprehensions about Chinese products, China's management and manoeuvring of their currency, and expenses and prices established by the government instead of the free markets gave rise to a number of trade disputes. This paper investigates the different types of trade disputes and the endeavours made by China to solve them. A lot of disputes were rooted in the Chinese cultural practices as well as in ideological outlook and hence take time to resolve. Deficiencies in the legal and court arrangement in China also effected the enforcement of various rules. Additionally, many of the disputes originated due to the government's wish to guard the welfare of Chinese organizations and their workforce, and consequently China might modify its practices only if faced with convincing penalizing threats. The central government of China also encountered the "principal-agent" crisis where its decisions or requests could be overlooked by the local governments and organizat ions. In the meantime, modifications in business structure within the developed countries were changing the negotiation positions of the governments of those countries (Conklin & Cadieux, 2009). Analysis of the Case Issues Arguments of the different parties After the entry into the WTO, China started taking part in international trades. However, China did not impose criminal procedures and punishments on the infringement of intellectual property rights; neither did it build identical health and safety standards that were implemented in the western countries. The extensive health and safety, along with the labour and environmental regulations in the developed countries, added the expenses involved for the manufacturers located there. Since China did not enforce such strict standards, the Chinese manufacturers had unfair advantage over the western ones. Moreover, China did not honour the property ownership of western manufacturers because the Chinese manufacturers were creating employ ment and promoting domestic prosperity via counterfeiting. But this activity of Chinese manufacturers hurt the volumes of sales and the profit margins of the western

Entrepreneurship and social enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Entrepreneurship and social enterprise - Essay Example This organization was founded by two young college graduates named Matthew Slotover, a psychology graduate and Amanda Sharp, a PPE Graduate. They were assisted by Tom Gidley, an art college student. Mathew Slotover after completing his graduation from Oxford University has decided to work for him. He started to visit art gallery with his friend, which sparked the passion for contemporary art. This made him to combine his passion for arts combine with his dream to become boss. A promotion in the Guardian newspaper worked as catalyst where the works of few unknown artists with prices as well as contact details were shown. This made Matthew to think of creating a hybrid catalogue or magazine in which the artists can produce their works along with prices. This will make them reach to a wide range of consumers at a time and was expected to revolutionize the ways in which contemporary art world worked. In June 1991, the first edition of Frieze magazine was published. Frieze has grown as a significant company that had 44 employees and a turnover of 5 million, by focusing on art galleries as their major customers and applying their skills and expertise in desk-top publishing. Today, Frieze is operating as the most popular art magazine of Europe and is also gaining a strong position in United States. The Frieze Art Fair that was launched in London in 2003 was one of the top-tier art fairs that gained global recognition. The present case study has given the opportunity to analyze the situation in which the organization is going through and suggest the best possible option in which they can gain higher profitability. In this regards the paper will be focusing on the reasons that brought huge success for Frieze, their current stage according to the organizational life cycle and the best suitable strategy that they need to follow. Reasons for success At the launch of the magazine in 1991 Mathew started to work on the magazine so that it can be a grand success. Carl was a ga llery owner and a major player in the booming contemporary art world of London. He turned down the idea saying that the artists will not like to use magazines for displaying their work and they are used to with the galleries for displaying their works. Stuart Morgan was an eminent critic in the leading magazines of UK, emphasized on the fact that credibility of the magazine will be lost if they even one thing to sale. This feedback given by these eminent people was taken seriously by Mathew and was one of the major reasons for the success of their first magazine. Matthew decided to change the vision of the magazine by removing the sale side from the magazine and keeping the editorial content and keep the talk about arts. Matthew was joined by other two members and the total team of three started on work on the new issue. They decided on the name and rented a space from where they can operate. Recession started impacting the economy of UK, which acted as a blessing in disguise for â €˜Frieze’. The art world became less busy and the Frieze team was able to contact many of the eminent persons who were willing to offer their advice and time, which were very important for Frieze. Stuart Morgan’s help was also a big contribution towards the success of the business. Apart from this, contribution of all the team members who has devoted all their efforts and ideas towards

Analyze any two themes in Edgar Allan Poes short story, The Tell Tale Essay

Analyze any two themes in Edgar Allan Poes short story, The Tell Tale Heart - Essay Example It is quite difficult to ascertain a particular genre onto the story because as Reilly puts it, this is an ‘ultimate mystery story’; however, the reader will immediately notice the discrepancies between the classical detective genre and Poe’s work. In a classic detective story, the plot is centered around guessing who the murderer is, however, Poe’s stories are not whodunits, rather, they are concentrated on the psyche of the murderer. ‘If there is a mystery in these tales, it is the mystery of motive: not who did it, but why. Poe’s fascination with the idea of a crime without a clear motive has proved to be one of his richest bequests to later writers.’ (Benfrey, 29) One of the themes in Poe’s story is of a murder sans motive. It is closely interconnected and interwoven with the theme of madness and obsession that leads to this murder, inexplicable to a ‘sane’ person. The topics of insanity and guilt are dominant in many of Poe’s works like in ‘Berenice’, ‘The Black Cat’, ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’, ‘The Murders in the Rue Morgue’, ‘Metzengerstein’, ‘William Wilson’, and are very often developed by the writer from an unexpected angle. To begin with, it is necessary to take a quick look at the plot of the story in order to understand the themes of the story. ‘The Tell Tale Heart’ is a story told along the lines of a monologue narrated by an unnamed character – an aspect dominant in many of Poe’s works. The narrator of the story is often referred to as ‘unreliable’ – his credibility is questioned due to his clear mental disorder. This may be understood as a ploy to puzzle the mind of the reader (Benfey 30) and to create that special mixture of suspense, absurdity and fatality, peculiar for Allan Poe’s short stories. The main character (traditionally considered to be a man, though there are no evidences that this could not be a woman) confesses that he murdered an old man to an

Moon Landing Exploratory Essay Essay Example for Free

Moon Landing Exploratory Essay Essay The space race, during the Cold War, all started with the launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. Although this shiny piece of metal ball sent meaningless â€Å"beep-beep† signals back to earth, it had a profound effect on the thinking of citizens and government around the globe, especially on the United States. As tensions and pressures were building, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was created in 1958, to bring competing military space programs into one effort. Soon, they developed the rockets, built the space capsules and satellites, and hired astronauts to become space men. In addition, the United States government realized there was a new frontier to be explored: the moon. As a result, putting a man on the moon became an official governmental priority and the Apollo moon-landing program was established. In 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first humans to walk on the moon. Controversies about the moon landing began shortly after when Bill Kaysing, a moon hoax investigator, published We never went to the Moon: America’s Thirty Billion Swindle in 1974. In addition, an organization called the Flat Earth Society, was the first to accuse NASA of faking the moon landing. Soon after, more and more people, like scientists, professors or amateurs became concerned and wanted the find out the answer: if the moon landing of 1969 was a hoax or a real event. There are five general claims regarding the falsity of the lunar success, each having their own significant proponents and evidences. However, the source of all conspiracies derives from Bill Kaysing. In John Moffet’s FOX documentary: Conspiracy Theory: Did we Land on the Moon? , Bill Kaysing shows strong beliefs that the moon landing was not real due to the following reasons: â€Å"despite the clarity of deep space, the starts were missing from dark lunar skies,† â€Å"the American flag was waving even though there was no ir on the moon,† and â€Å"there was no blast crater beneath the lunar lander† (Moffet). In addition, in Phillip C. Plait’s book, Bad Astronomy: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology to the Moon Landing â€Å"Hoax,† many other conspiracy theorists argue that the incredibly high temperature of the Moon should have killed the astronauts and the play of light and shadows in the surface indicates that the photos a re faked (Plait 157). These theories all state that the entire world was deceived by the NASA administration and probable the United States government for them to gain the pride and prestige between the lunar landing events. Regardless of the conspiracy theories and the evidences, 94% of the United States population believes the moon landing was a real event, according to Frank Newport’s article, â€Å"Landing a Man on the Moon: The Public’s View. † In Tony Phillip’s article, â€Å"The Great Moon Hoax,† theories are debunked with explanations. He first explains why the pictures taken from the moon did not have stars. He states: â€Å"its difficult to capture something very bright and something else very dim on the same piece of film-typical emulsions† as they â€Å"don’t have enough ‘dynamic setting’† (Phillips). Then he explains why the flags waved despite vacuumed area: â€Å"Not every waving flag needs a breeze-at least not in space. When astronauts were planting the flagpole they rotated it back and forth to better penetrate the lunar soil† (Philips). The article also provides new evidence against the conspiracy theory: the moon rock, Big Muley. In moon rocks, there are isotopes that cannot be found on Earth. â€Å"Even if scientists wanted to make something like a Moon rock by, say, bombarding an Earth rock with high energy atomic nuclei, they couldnt† (Phillips). In addition, Phillip C. Plait agrees with Tony Phillips and comes to the same conclusions. For example he states there are no stars in the picture because, â€Å"The stars are too faint to be seen in the images† (Plait 159). However, unlike Tony Phillips, Plait explains the scientific reasons in depth. He claims astronauts have survived the incredibly high temperature of the Moon due to simple date counting. He explains, â€Å"Moon spins on its axis once every 27 days †¦ [which] means †¦ two weeks of sunlight and two weeks of darkness†¦ the surface doesn’t heat up the instant the sunlight touches it†¦It takes days for the lunar surface to get to its high temperature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Plait 166). The author of the paper believes the moon landing of 1969 really happened. The main reasons coming to this conclusion s that the lies could not be told by such huge amount of people and the theories can be all explained and understood with a little studying on physics and astronomy. If this were a hoax, more than a handful of people would have spoken up the secret. The author of this paper also believes that the photos and the films from NASA are real evidences, but have been misinterpret ed due to the lack of knowledge on astronomy and physics. This topic still remains to be debated over because the moon landing was one of the magnificent scientific developments in world history.

The Essence of Teamwork Essay -- Sociology Sociological Team Work Essa

The Essence of Teamwork â€Å"Two are better than one, because they have a good reward for their hard work. For if one of them should fall, the other one can raise his partner up. But how will it be with just the one who falls when there is not another to raise him up?† – Ecclesiastes 4:9, 10 As the scriptural text quoted above implies, teamwork can accomplish what the individual cannot do on his or her own. Teamwork is defined as â€Å"a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they are mutually accountable.† (Katzenbach and Smith, 1993) In today’s society, with so much emphasis on pride and personal achievement, the concept of teamwork seems to be old-fashioned or basic. Clashes of personality, different perspectives and cultures prescribe one to develop a natural inclination toward individual work and an unhealthy reluctance towards team work. Nevertheless, teamwork, if managed properly, can be a source in which complexity is simplified, a problem meets a solution and great things are accomplished. So with the focus on teamwork, what are the present challenges to teamwork? What are some good approaches towards building a successful team? Finally, what are the personal and collective benefits of teamwork? The Challenges to Teamwork When asked the question, â€Å"What are some challenges to teamwork?† most people would respond with common answers such as: conflicts of personalities, stress, job dissatisfaction, unethical behavior, miscommunication or lack of communication. However, with advancements in technology and a never before experienced contact between the western and eastern hemispheres of the world, there are new challenges that are being encountered now and will continue to be dealt with in the future. The challenges that must be met by today’s project teams are: Virtual Project Teaming, Cross-functional teams, Globalization, Diversity and Time to Market Pressure. Most of the common contributing factors to teamwork failure such as personality conflict, miscommunication or stress are the consequences experienced if the previously mentioned challenges are not met. The greater proportion of the work of virtual project teams is carried out online. These sorts of teams exploit reliable and consistent communications in order to work together and overcome some of t... ...dividual ideas. An individual’s communication, critical thinking, evaluation, conflict resolution and academic skills are improved through positive teamwork activities. As a result of good teamwork, social connections are formed between team members that may extend beyond the workplace or classroom and thus improve team morale and camaraderie. An individual’s communication, critical thinking, evaluation, conflict resolution and academic skills are improved. Bibliography: Cohen, E, (1986). Designing Groupwork: Strategies for the Heterogeneous Classroom. New York: Teachers College Press. Katzenbach, J.R and Smith, D.K. (1993). The Wisdom of Teams: Creating the High performance Organization. Boston: Harvard Business School. Kliem, R and Anderson, H (2003). The Organizational Engineering Approach to Project Management: The Revolution in Building and Managing Effective Teams. Boca Raton: St. Lucie Press. Lipnack, J and Stamps, J (1997). Virtual Teams: Reaching Across Space, Time, and Organizations with Technology. New York: John Wiley & Sons. New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (1984 Revision). New York: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.

Educational Goals and Philosophy Essay -- Education Teaching Essays

Educational Goals and Philosophy As a student of education, I have been able to gather many ideas and opinions about practices and ideals I want to implement in my future classroom. My philosophies about education are still being formed and continually change with every class I visit and with every educator I encounter. My ideas, admittedly, come from random experiences and intangible texts, but as I gain more experience in the field through my courses, my philosophies about teaching will become more clearly defined. These few ideas I have now will undoubtedly be added upon as I enter student teaching and my professional career, nevertheless, they are concepts of which I hope to never lose sight. I believe teaching is a privilege and a serious profession. There are few other careers in which you have as great of an effect on other people. The responsibility is great and I take it very seriously. At the same time teaching can be fun and intellectually stimulating. As a teacher, I will have the opportunity to explore and define a subject area that I have committed my career to---Science. What better way to show my enthusiasm for the subject than to teach it? Additionally, I know that there is nothing more rewarding than reaching a student through my teaching and having a profound influence on their curiosity. Good teaching should extend beyond the classroom, and it will if students are inspired to continue their studies on their own. Honestly, I believe that there is no other job that is equally as rewarding. Science education often receives an inaccurate stereotype of being boring or too complex for the average person to comprehend. I have an extreme passion for Science and teaching. ... ...wish to pursue board certification from the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards after I have taught for three years. It is important to me that I never stop learning. I want to exude this quality for the well being of myself and for my students. Maybe through me, students will see that education is not a hassle, but a completely rewarding experience. My philosophy of education has been shaped by experiences within my own life and education, as well as learning about education in college. As I enter the profession, my philosophy will most likely evolve somewhat as I grow and gain experiences as a teacher in the classroom. However, the foundations of my educational philosophy will continue to guide me in the way which I will interact with students and teach within my classroom.

Values- Allport-Vernon

Define Values. Critically evaluate â€Å"Allport-Vernon† classification of values. How values  affectthe business processes. Values represent basic convictions that â€Å"a specific mode of  conduct or end-state of  existence is personally or socially preferable to  an opposite or converse mode of conduct orend-state of existence† (Rokeach, 1973). When the values  are ranked in terms of  theirintensity, i. e. , when the value are prioritized in terms of their intensity, it is called valuesystem.Types of values include ethical/moral values, doctrinal/ideological (political,religious) values, social values, and aesthetic values. Values have both content and intensity  attributes. The content attribute signifies that amode of conduct or end-state of existence is  important. The intensity attribute specifieshow important it is. Ranking an individual’s values in terms of their intensity equals thatperson’s value system. Values build the foundati on for the understanding of attitudes and motivation of anindividual, since; value has a  great impact on perceptions.Values shape relationships,behaviors, and choices. The more positive our values, more positive  are people’s actions. Asignificant portion of the values an individual holds is established in the early years—fromparents, teachers, friends, and others. Allport-Vernon classification of values: 1. Theoretical: Interest in the discovery of truth through reasoning and  systematicthinking. 2. Economic: Interest in usefulness and practicality, including the  accumulation of wealth. 3. Aesthetic:Interest in beauty, form and  artistic harmony. 4. Social: Interest in people and human  relationships. 5. Political: Interest in gaining power and influencing other people. 6. Religious: Interest in unity and understanding the cosmos as  a whole. Work behavior across cultures and  businesses In every culture, there are different sets  of attitudes and values which affect  behavior. Similarly, every individual has a set of attitudes and beliefs – filters through which he/sheviews management situations within organizational context.Managerial  beliefs, attitudesand values can affect organizations positively  or negatively. Managers portray trust andrespect in their employees in different  ways in different cultures. This is a  function of theirown cultural backgrounds. For example, managers from  specific culturestend to focusonly on the behavior that takes place at work, in contrast to managers from diffused  cultures who focus on wider range of behavior  including employees’ private and

Short Biography: Bartolome Esteban Murillo

Spanish Painter, Bartholomew Eastman Muriel Bartholomew Eastern Muriel. Self-portrait. C. 1672-75. 011 on canvas, National Gallery in London I-J. Bartholomew Eastman Muriel was born December 31 1967, he was born Into Christianity he was baptized on January 1, 1618 In Seville Spain. Muriel was the son of Marl Peres, his mother and Gasper Eastern his father who was a barber and surgeon In Seville Spain, Muriel had 13 siblings and he was the youngest one of them all.Muriel was eventually adopted by his relatives because he was not able to provide for himself when his parent's died unlike his older siblings, at the age of level his uncle J. A. Lagers a barber who was married had adopted him. Within a year of living with his uncle, Muriel soon became an apprentice for another relative named Juan Del Castillo. Juan was considered a mediocre painter but a great teacher, they painted paintings for a living and sold them at local fairs and sometimes even sent off to be traded into America.Whi le being under the study of Juan his relative he learned about Flemish Painting, which was a technique used in the 20th century on paintings, they applied layers of a substance that kept the image fresh for years. When Muriel turned 17 he was working independently painting small, religious compositions for the Latin American market, continuing the selling techniques taught to him when he was young. He then started to create a name for himself, selling his paintings at these markets or fairs.Muriel went to the school of Antwerp where he learned how to be more of an advance painter; they mainly learned Baroque paintings that he continued to carry on threw out his art career. During the time he was an apprentice for his relative and attending school, he found interest in other forms of art and artist that inspired him o be more creative and diverse in his paintings. In 1940 Muriel moved to Cadis, he then became Van Dyke's pupil, learning and studying Van Dyke's work he gained an Intere st in studying other masters of art.Muriel set out to travel to study other great masters of art, he found himself involved with the kings painter Velasquez, during his stay there of three years he studied the masterpieces of Titian, Everyone, Tinderbox, and Rueben. In 1645 Muriel moved back to Seville, this Is where the beginning of his career really started. During the year 1 645 he got married to Beaters De Caber y Estimator, during his year he also accomplished 1 1 great masterpieces for the Franciscan monastery In Seville.Because of his 11 paintings he became well known and recognized for his religious paintings, most paintings would be of, Jesus, Vulgar Marry, birth of Christ, Angels, the healing pool, and a few paintings of his family and paintings of the poor In Seville. When he had painted these paintings for the Franciscan, It generated more work for him at cathedrals, churches, hospital, and for private Individuals. Eventually became President of the academy. By 1665 Muri el had enrolled into the Brotherhood Of Charity, by this time Muriel had nine children and only five of them continued in his religious paths.During this time he was enrolled into the Brotherhood, he really flourished and became active in his pieces of art, he had received several demented Jobs and requests, one of them was the infamous painting of the Santa Maria la Blanch which was completed in 1665 and many other commissioned works as well. By this time in his life he had worked nearly 50 years to become one of the most famous Spanish Braque's Painters in the 20th century, it was unfortunate for many when he passed away on April 3 1682.Little did Muriel know that on April 3 1682 while he was working in the Capuchin church of Cadis, that he was going to fall off of a scaffold which lead to sever and permanent injuries that would put him to rest a year later in Seville. A couple of his most inspiring pieces are the Christ Healing the Paralytic at The Pool of Bethesda and The Protes tant Son. The fist image that is very religious and comes from a piece of the bible is Christ Healing the Paralytic at The Pool of Bethesda; it resides in the National Gallery in London.Muriel painted this original painting between 1667 to 1670 unfortunately nice Muriel rarely dated his artwork, actual dates on most pieces is unknown. Christ Healing the Paralytic is Oil on canvas and its dimensions are 237 by 261 centimeter. The painting is presented in the National Gallery of Arts in memory of W. Graham Robertson in 1950. Muriel had painted this originally for the church belonging to the hospital of the Cardiac in Seville, which Muriel happened to be apart of this Brotherhood, which aided in the sick and poor of his native city Seville.The painting represents a piece from the bible, a very strong passage, which is well known in the Christian religion. It is from the New Testament John 5, in the passage it states: † In these lay a great multitude of impotent folk, of blind, ha lt, withered, waiting for the moving of the water. For an angel went down at a certain season into the pool, and troubled the water: whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease he had. When Jesus saw him lie, and knew that he had been now a long time in that case, he swath unto him, Wilt thou be made whole?The impotent man answered him, Sir, I have no man, when the water is troubled, to put me into the pool: but while I am coming, another steepest down fore me. Jesus swath unto him, Rise, take up thy bed, and walk. And immediately the man was made whole, and took up his bed, and walked: and on the same day was the Sabbath. † This is what Muriel had painted the image from those exact words above! So strong, detailed, full of background and foreground; he has made a masterpiece that tells an amazing story.Therefore no explanation is really needed which makes this painting so historic, life like and unique. The image to th e left is the image of Christ Healing the Paralytic at The Pool of Bethesda. It is kept at the National Art Gallery in London. As you look into the aground of this beautiful painting you can see many things. On the very top there blue sky threw them. Right in the middle of the clouds off to the right there is a small figure in white, with a yellow glow surrounding it, presumably an angel coming from heaven.As you look below the angel you see the structure of the building. Then as you look towards the middle of the background you can see giant pillars, creating high archways and you can faintly see people walking around. In the Middle of the image you see part of a light blue pool right in the middle. As you look more up front from the pool you see what appears to me some sort of encounter gazebos with two tall skinny pillars and some people laying on the ground right on the steps.As you look to the left you can see a person propped up on his elbow, speaking to a man bent over and is engaged in a conversation. The foreground of the image is three men off to the far left both wearing black shirts, one is wearing a red robe while the other is wearing a yellow robe, standing barely in front of them is Jesus wearing a light purple long sleeved gown with a dark green robe, he is reaching his hand out to a man on the ground. This man appears very ill, skin to the bones and bed ridden, as items lay close.His arms are spread off to each side fingers spread apart, he is facing up looking at Jesus and his mouth is open as he must be saying something to him. To the far right of this man there is the front part of a brown and white dog that is sniffing at the ground. This image shows so much if you look closely at it, it is a brilliant masterpiece and is definitely one of a kind, and so beautiful that it captivates and draws you in with ease. Another great painting my Muriel is called the return of The Prodigal Son, created between 1667 to 1670.It was painted on a canvas w ith oils, the dimensions of the canvas are 236. By 261 centimeters, and it was a gift from the Valor Foundation to the National Gallery of Ireland in the city of Dublin. Muriel was originally commissioned by a church to make this painting for the Hospital De la Cardiac, this painting and others Muriel was commissioned to make for the Hospital and the Church. This painting was one of a whole series on The Prodigal Son and even made a final painting to this series called the Return of The Prodigal Son that is located at The National Gallery of Washington.The series ranged from the birth, to feasting with The Prodigal Son and more, although this is the one that started the series. The original painting of The Prodigal Son was also generated from the bible as well as most of his biblical pieces of art. The story behind this painting is as follows, as Renee Dwell mentioned in her article: â€Å"There was a man who had two sons. The younger one said to his father, father let me have the share of the estate that will come to me. So the father divided the property between them.A few days later, the younger son got together everything he had and left for a distant country where he squandered his money on a life of debauchery. He soon came home to his father and said, I have sinned against heaven ND against you; I no longer deserve to be called your son; treat me as one of your hired men. † So he left the place and went back to his father. While he was still a long way off, his father saw him and was moved with pity. He ran to the boy, clasped him in his arms and kissed him. Then his son said, â€Å"Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you.I no longer deserve to be called your son. † But the father said to his and sandals on his feet. Bring the calf we have been fattening, and kill it; we will celebrate by having a feast. Because this son of mine was dead and has come back to fife; he was lost and is found† (1). The story is as entertaini ng as the painting to the left called The Protestant Son, created around the 1670, is filled with emotions, forgiveness, begging, hope, anger, joy, and worry. As you look in the background you see the sky with dark and light fluffy clouds on the top of the painting.To the right is the beginning of a tall building, as the structure appears to be in the middle of the painting, you see some buildings and possible tress fading if as it disappears into the distance. In the middle of the image to the left there is a man holding an ax with a boy leading a cow, they are align away looking behind them to watch the commotion. To the right there are four adults all dressed nice, they appear to be all females. In the foreground of the image there is a woman in a yellow dress, standing there silently holding a vibrant, elegant robe.In the middle of the foreground you see the father wearing a large droopy red robe hunched over wrapping his arms around his son to embrace him close. His son has fal len to his knees looking up at his father, wearing torn and ragged clothes and rather thin looking, falling into his fathers arms as a small white dog Jumps on his leg. It appears they are standing on a step of some sort; their bodies are in the formation of a triangle, becoming the main focal point of the painting. This painting has so much to say if you look at the body language of everyone and the facial expressions.This artist Muriel was chosen as a topic for this paper, because his work was once famous in the 20 centuries and over time has been forgotten. Muriel has tons of beautiful, individual paintings that most of us never knew existed. Once this image was stumbled upon a couple of weeks ago, the beauty, artistry, realism, naturalistic goings, and even the reality of what life was like in Seville captivated me and hopefully it will captivate you as well. It is important to not forget those who inspire us, as they help us make our own creations.

Boeing 737

PRANSAC ASSIGNMENT 1 ‘Using the B737 as an aircraft type, you are required to research on the inventions and Innovations that have made this particular aircraft impact the development of Commercial airplane. ’ Boeing 737 Introduction A. Aircraft The Boeing B737 is a short to medium wide range narrow body twin-engine body jet airliner. Originally designed in 1964, initially had its first maiden voyage in 1967 and joined into professional service in 1968. B. Company Boeing had been the number one professional plane company.This company controls 60% of a competitive commercial market and its professional aircraft goods and services account for more than 70% of Boeing's income. Boeing's products symbolize a complete family of jetliners in the variety of travellers and freight adjustments and wide ranging abilities. The B737 has developed different series such as B737 Original, B737 Classic, B737 New Generation, and the newest series 737 MAX. The Boeing 737 is the best-sellin g jetliner in aviation history. A. Idea In 1958 Boeing had a design research for â€Å"A twin engine feeder airliner to complete the family of Boeing passenger jets†.In Feb 1965 the first purchase was placed and the project went ahead. The 737 has since become the best-selling professional planes in planes record with more than 5,900 purchases from 225 clients so far. < Chris Brady. 1999. > B. Design Boeing wanted to design a real short-haul jet to compete with its competitors like the Caravelle, BAC One-Eleven & DC-9. However they are way behind them. The DC-9 was about to fly, the One-Eleven was well into its flight test program and the Caravelle had been in service for 5 years.They had some catching up to do. Designers Joseph Sutter and Jack Steiner began work on the 737 in November 1964. The original 1964 specification was for a capacity of about 60-85 passengers, an economical operating range of between 100 and 1000 miles and to be able to stay equal at a 35% load factor . As a result of final design talks with launch customer Lufthansa the capacity was increased to 100, but the range and load factor figures still remains the same. < Chris Brady. 1999. > Invention/Innovation of the aircraft A. Placing the Engines i.Wing Mounted Engines The wing mounted engines provided the key benefits of decreased interference drag, a better C of G position, less noisy cabin, more useful cabin space at the back, front & aft side doors, easier access to engines for servicing and required less pipework for fuel & bleed. The bodyweight of the engine also provides twisting comfort from the rise of the wings. Apparently this benefit was over-estimated and a set of wings were unsuccessful in static tests at 95% of max load so the side had to be remodelled. ii. DisadvantageThe disadvantage of wing-mounted engines was that the size of the fin had to be increased for engine-out operation over centerline thrust aircraft. Also, due to the reduced ground clearance, the engines had to be almost an essential part of the wing, which in turn using a short chord. The engines extended both forward and aft of the wing to reduce aerodynamic interference and straighter top line of the nacelle formed a streamline flow over the wing to further reduce drag. iii. Advantage Overall, the wing-mounted layout had a weight saving of 700Kgs over the equivalent â€Å"T-tail† design and had performance advantages. v. Thrust Reversers Thrust reversers were taken from B727 were found to be inefficient when used by the B737. Therefore B737’s thrust reversers were greatly improved, allowing the aircraft to land on shorter airstrips. B. Type Of engine The CFM56-3B-1 turbofan engine was chosen to power the aircraft, which yielded significant gains in fuel economy and a reduction in noise, but also posed an engineering challenge given the low ground clearance of the 737 and the larger diameter of the engine over the original Pratt and Whitney engines which were used f or the earlier models such as the -100 and the -200.However, overtime noise became an issue and many users opted for an alternative engine. As a result, Boeing and engine supplier CMFI solved the problem by placing the engine ahead of the wing, and by moving engine accessories to the sides of the engine pod, giving the engine a distinctive non-circular air intake. C. Fuselage The B737’s fuselage was especially one of its best-selling points. Its cross-section had been taken from the B727. v. More Space, more passengers This made the B737 to hold 6 wide abreast seats, because this way it could take more passengers per load on board than its competitors.In the B737 Classic series and the B737 Next Generation Series, the fuselage was lengthened to fulfil the demand for space in the aircraft and also help Boeing sustain its competitiveness in the aviation industry. vi. Even More Space, more passengers In the B737 Original series, the fuselage was only able to contain a highest po ssible of 130 passengers in 737-200 while the B737 Classic series were improved and enhanced to provide for bigger and more economical aircraft. As such, the aircraft’s fuselage was prolonged to allow about 170 passengers on board. vii. B737 Next GenerationThe B737 Next Generation series had even more changes to its uses. In commercial flying, the airplane’s fuselage was prolonged to allow a highest possible of 215 passengers on board. The B737 Next Generation also had its own business jet, BBJ1 and BBJ2 series and military aircraft, C-40 and AEW&C, series. The BBJ was regularly used by personal jet entrepreneurs, and organizations, because of its small dimension and fuel efficiency. The military series of the B737 encompass the AEW&C that is used for monitoring and radar operations, and the C-40, P-8 Poseidon, which assisted in military operations.D. Wings Changes had been made to the wings and the flight controls of the B737. Many improvements result in greater perfo rmance of the aircraft by generating more lift, increase in fuel efficiency, and reduce drag while most importantly being more economical. i. Wings Extended The B737-100 and B737-200 created too much drag for the aircraft, making it very costly to fly. Thus, the front flaps of the wings were extended towards the fuselage, providing greater lift and shorten the distance for the aircraft required to take off. The wing’s leading edge and span were also extended.This is because when the leading edge is being extended, the upper camber will be pushed forward towards the leading edge and thus makes the air flow on the upper camber have a higher airspeed and as a result create more lift, due to the decrease in static pressure. ii. Composite Material The B737’s flight controls were mostly made of composite material instead of aluminium alloy to reduce the weight of the aircraft. To generate more lift and greater performance during cruising iii. Winglets Winglets were added fro m the B737-700 model onwards and the B737-300. Winglets reduce induced drag caused by the vortex on the wingtips. v. Fly-by-wire system control In the B737 MAX, it has integrated the new fly-by-wire system control to allow for more efficient performance of the aircraft. Fly-by-wire (FBW) is a system that replaces the conventional manual flight controls of an aircraft with an electronic interface. The movements of flight controls are converted to electronic signals transmitted by wires. The fly-by-wire system also allows automatic signals sent by the aircraft's computers to perform functions without the pilot's input, as in systems that automatically help stabilize the aircraft. v. ConclusionThus the B737 is able to generate more lift and reduce drag on the aircraft. Therefore the B737 is able to move faster and increase on fuel efficiency, reducing cost and fuel. Allowing Boeing to have a greater advantage in the competitive Aviation Industry. Conclusion Over the years, Invention an d Innovation of the aircraft such as the fuselage, wing, engine, and nacelles, the B737 was able to have a sustainable growth. This allowed Boeing to stay ahead of its competitors. These results in having more Boeing planes chosen by airlines compared to other domestic carriers.Currently Boeing faces significant competition from their rival Airbus A320. While trying hard not to lose out, Boeing made improvements such as the new B737 Max series, which combines the use of more high-tech devices to help Boeing compete with the Airbus bus latest series, the A320 Neo. However the B737 MAX is only due in 2017 and it is in its last levels of examining. As such, this gives Boeing the time to enhance and completely improve the abilities of the B737 MAX to help improve on its durability later on improvements. Deliveries are scheduled to begin in 2017. References Chris Brady. History & Development of the Boeing 737. †Ã‚  History & Development of the Boeing 737. N. p. , Sept. 1999. Web. 2 7 June 2012. . â€Å"Fly by Wire. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 23 June 2012. Web. 28 June 2012. . â€Å"Boeing 737 – American Flyers. † Boeing 737 – American Flyers. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 June 2012. . â€Å"Boeing 737RE. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 27 June 2012. Web. 28 June 2012. .

Death and Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Death and Philosophy - Essay Example Nagel, interestingly, argues that it is not the death that is harm but rather the ending of life. He takes the a bit further by discussing prenatal life and life after death, almost equally qualifying the value of each "state" but fearful to arrive at a conclusion. Should we follow Nagel's premise, then the loss of life is the injury and the earlier loss of life compared to a later loss of life is far more injurious. Indeed, by way of example he states that a corpse can suffer no injury because the corpse is a dead being. Thus perhaps, in Nagel's world, there should be no such thing as a crime committed against a corpse. For example, because the person is dead, one cannot have violated the law because he desecrated a corpse. One can be found guilty, if he contributed to the cause of death only. Nagel's focal point is time. Thus when a person dies, they have been robbed of the extra time that they would have lived. Thus if a man lived 80 years, the harm is not so bad, but if the man lived only 20, the harm is egregious. Lacking here, is the discussion of what happens during that time. For example, if a man lives only 20 years, and becomes an astounding man, has he been robbed Nagel would probably argue in the affirmative. Conversely, if a man is 80 and has lived a life of no consequence, has he been harmed by being robbed of extra years Perhaps not. What if the person has spent 10 of those years suffering from a painful disease Has not death then rescued the person Finally, I am asked to explain which theory I prefer. I do not believe that one suffers by death. I agree with Rosenbaum in that once death has happened, there is no harm. Indeed, it is the path to death in which harm lays in wait. Many religions herald the notion that we choose our own exit from this world by our behavior during the time in it. Rosenbaum however offers an explanation that agrees with my religious values and my basic common sense. Once I am dead, I expect that to be it. Indeed, depending on my condition at death, I may find death to be a

Human Resource Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Human Resource Management - Term Paper Example The organization chosen for the study will be IBM. Performance Management performance management can be described as a human resource strategy, which covers non-job precise behaviors such as ‘cooperation’ ‘dedication’ ‘enthusiasm’ and ‘persistence’ and is differentiated from task performance covering job-specific behaviors (Borman and Motowidlo 71-98). As Fletcher (91) mentions, contextual performance is concerned with the attributes which set off further than task proficiency and that encourage behaviors that boost the efficiency of the organization. Hence performance is regarded as behavior, in which the organizations, teams and individuals execute their work. Campbell (690-710) suggests that performance is such a behavior that needs to be differentiated from the results. An additional broader analysis of performance is attained if it is described as taking up both behavior and outcomes. Performance management can be a factor impa cting behaviors and results together. Behaviors originate from the performer and alter performance from idea to action. Performance management can be described as an important practice that concerns with overall attitude of the employees towards the organization. It replicates the perspective one has for performance and it contains secondary procedures like: policy description, plan implementation, training and performance measurement. Consequently performance measurement is a secondary procedure of performance management which is the focal point of classification and communique of performance outcomes determined by performance beacons. Performance management is concerned with the action taken based on the results whilst performance measurement deals with evaluation of results, at the same time as performance management is related with taking action depending on the outcomes of the assessment and making certain that the objective outcomes are accomplished. Performance management can also be characterized as being associated with a â€Å"future orientation† based on the inputs and output exerted an organization or individual. Performance management is becoming an important aspect of the organizations to manage the performance of their employees and keep them motivated for the achievement of their goals resulting in the achievement of overall organizational goals (Brumback 168-170). It can be seen that there is major difference between the performance management practices in private and public sector organizations in most parts of the world but nevertheless it is important for every organization to continuously improve their practices because these practices have a greater influence on the motivation of the employees. These differences in practice are subject to the working and control system being implemented in different sectors. Finally, it is the need of the hour for the organization, to keep their employees motivated intrinsically through the perform ance management practices because in this downturn economic time, it is getting important for the organizations to motivate employees other than extrinsic factors. Critical incident method is used by the current organization for the

Leadin organizational design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadin organizational design - Essay Example There is no single right approach. From the experience we got from the exercise, it is clear that solid arranging practice is basic to change administration victory. There are numerous change situations that call for some diverse reactions. Maybe expanding rivalry requests another concentrate on holding existing clients? Then again perhaps extraordinary business victory is bringing about developing aches? It is safe to say that you are ceaselessly filtering the natures turf (markets and rivalry)? Be vigilant in administering attention to the outer environment so the need for change could be promptly recognized. Additionally, it is important to note that a participative arranging procedure is basic to change administration victory. Despite the fact that change may be started by a singular, key stakeholders should additionally thoroughly consider and comprehend need for change. Furthermore, stakeholders must experience the improvement of vision and method. A thorough and normally prolonged methodology of data imparting and dialog is important to make arrangement of the center gathering. Time and vitality went through in intense gatherings with the right individuals will transform stronger systems and solid authority all around the association. On the off chance that these tests are succeed, the change activity will profit from a solid vision and system upheld by a solid, profoundly adj usted center change management as it is the case with Global Tech. William Bridges work is concentrated on the mental process that people experience when adjusting to change. Associations that utilize the Transitions model highlight the exact individual and in some cases excruciating excursion that happens when we relinquish the past and end up in the unbiased zone, on our route to a fresh start. Once more, EC tests pioneers to think about scaling the singular brain science

Contemporary Management Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary Management Practice - Essay Example Various theories have been created in the past about management and researchers continue to use old theories and come up with new ones. Over this time period, great approaches to management have been identified. This paper will cover various management approaches and how these approaches are used by managers and those who are studying management. Body Empirical or case approach is one of the various management approaches that have been studied and often used in organizations. It is based on the assumption, that current managers can solve their problems through the experience of previous managers and what those managers did to solve issues faced by management (KOONTZ, 2004, p.16). This study states that people new to the management positions in the organizations can learn from the successful and the unsuccessful experiences that other managers have already been through. This approach is used in management educational centres for the help upcoming managers. This kind of management appr oach does not provide any practical aid until it is applied to practical problems. The downside of this approach is that this approach is based on generalization. This means that managers who follow this approach end up applying same problem solving methods to new scenarios although new scenarios may be different from older ones. Human behaviour approach is yet another approach that scientists came up with to explain what managers have to do to operate an organization successfully. The behavioural approach of management suggests that managers can operate in a better fashion if they learn about individual as well as group behaviour and they can use this knowledge to make people to work for the interest of the organization (DAFT, 2011, p.33). The theorists of this approach suggest that satisfied workers work harder and their levels of productivity are high. Behavioural studies only pay emphasis to the human part of the organization and exclude the remaining parts with which managers h ave to deal. Vilfred Pareto and Chest Bernard came up with the social systems approach, according to this approach an organization consists of various individual who work together to achieve organization’s aims and objectives (JACKSON, 2000, p.100). This approach states that managers need work in cooperation with workers by understanding the behaviour of individuals working in an organization to achieve organizational goals. Socio technical systems approach is a management approach that suggests that managers should not only pay emphasis to the social system of the organization, they even have to give importance to the technical system (CHASE, 2006, p.195). The approach further suggests that if an organization has to run successfully, then both the technical system and the social system of the organization should work together. This approach of management does not only focus on the human part of the organization, it even pay emphasis to the technological part of the organizat ion that managers have to deal with to bring in change and keep the organization updated. Every manager’s main duty is to make decisions to help solve organization’s problems. One management approach that only pays emphasis to the decision making side of a manager is known as decision theory approach (FLOMBERG, 2008, p.60). The theory suggests that all managers have to make decisions each day and the main task of all managers is to make rational decisions. They have to ensure that the decision they are making is in the best interest of the organization and the people they are representing. The downside of this approach is that this approach ignores other elements of management and only emphasises on the decision maki

Law and Ethics in Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law and Ethics in Healthcare - Essay Example Therefore, this paper examines HIV/AIDS and confidentiality, which are healthcare issues arising from the conflict between law and ethic values. Salient ethical and legal concerns associated with HIV/AIDS and Confidentiality Safken & Frewer (2007) indicate that law and ethics postulate that medical information demands confidential treatment; thus, the law focuses on protecting such information. Consequently, care providers have an compulsion of promoting confidentiality in their activities. Indeed, HIV-related information has been subject to additional protections because of their sensitiveness. Care providers can only reveal such information based on court orders or the patient’s own will. Initially, patients are protected by regulations that promote personal privacy; hence, a care provider who releases such information infringes into one’s privacy. Although this is important in protecting patient against social exploitation, the process creates health concerns (McLean & Mason, 2003). This apparent since holding information is sometimes not rational as the practice may invite detrimental effects on other parties. According to McLean (2006), the responsibility of countering the harm from spreading to other parties binds care providers. For instance, care providers have a duty of protecting persons with high threats of infection. Additionally, concerns of promoting public health may demand a disclosure of such information. It is worth noting that disclosing information may be essential for individuals who engage in duties that present risks to their clients. These principles present strong moral and legal concerns to care providers in healthcare. Important primary ethical principles for managing the presented issues Healthcare providers can utilize concepts presented by some primary ethical principles in addressing this case. An ideal scheme that can inform healthcare providers is the standard of beneficence. Beneficence advocates for an idea of do ing good that demands one to analyze the matter critically to institute the best position of addressing the concerns (McLean, 2006). Importantly, the beneficence demands one to adopt the most genuine position while considering the necessity of bettering the condition of the involved parties. Since the HIV/AIDS and confidentiality subject, present a controversial environment, genuine assessment is the only solution to the case. This means that healthcare providers should access the implication of each procedure to identify the best approach to accord to the matter (Leslie & Bernard, 2001). Additionally the ideology of concert could be beneficial in addressing the concerns. This principle binds competent individuals with a responsibility of presenting their professional advice to the society (McLean & Mason, 2003). Professionals may adopt the knowledge of the principle in situations where parties involved fail to present genuine decision due to their state (Leslie & Bernard, 2001).The issues presented by the HIV/AIDS confidentiality do not entirely mean that the patients may not be in position of adopting reasonable decision as per the demands of the principle of consent. However, the rationality of the practice emerges by the fact that, the environment presented by the health issues raised may demand informed advice (Kaur, 2008). Consequently, healthcare provid

Hitler and Mussolini Essay Example for Free

Hitler and Mussolini Essay Benito Mussolini during his rule from 1922 to 1943 faced many domestic problems within Italy that he had to deal with. Mainly the internal problems had to do with economic policies and struggle, which Mussolini attempted to deal with through his autarky policy. He also had to deal with political problems, which were derived from the interference of the church. Finally Mussolini also had to contend with social problems such as unification, and increase of popularity. Through his rule Mussolini had to deal with economic, social and political problems, however he was to a great extent not successful in dealing with these problems. One of Mussolinis greatest internal problems was his economic problem. Mussolini wanted to make Italy a great economy, one that could compete with the great economies of World War I such as Britain and France. In order to this Mussolini wanted an autarky, which was economic self-sufficiency in food and raw materials. He wanted Italy through autarky to become a powerful and large empire. In order to achieve this Mussolini instigated what historians such as MacDonald refer to as a series of battles. These battles were a struggle for the economy that Mussolini envisioned. A series of four battles were fought however only one can be regarded as a partial success while the other three were seen by most historians as failed attempts. The first battle was known as the Battle for Grain, which was to a great extent a failure. This battle started in 1925 because there was a poor harvest that year, and the grain for the most part was being imported. In order to become a self-sufficient economy Mussolini wanted Italy to be able to produce the grain on its own. By the 1930s Italy was able to become a self-sufficient grain growing economy by controlling imports and increasing the production of cereal crops. However despite being able to achieve grain production, Italy as a whole suffered due to this battle. By encouraging the production of grain, farmers had to stop growing fruits and vegetables, which were cheaper to produce. Therefore exports of fruits and vegetables also decreased, which caused the economy to become weaker because revenue from exports decreased. Also due to an emphasis on making grain the use of sheeps and cattle decreased, causing the decline of these animals. It also caused the country to go into debt since the government had to give subsidies to farmers and there were huge tariffs associated with the production of grain. Also the price of grain in Italy rose causing the price of bread to increase. This affected the working class and poor since the core of their diet was made up of bread. The masses of Italy suffered especially the poor and the farmers, although the industrialists did not suffer as much. Since grain production increased the demand for fertilizers and tractors increased, which increased the business of the industrialists. However the industrialists are a smaller proportion of the population of Italy than the masses, therefore to the most part the Battle for Grain was a failure. The second battle was the Battle for Lira whose main aim was to reinstate the purchasing power of the currency. Sine Mussolini wanted a powerful Italy; he thought that the weak currency added to weakness of the economy. Therefore in 1926, Mussolini revalued the Lira so that one pound was 90 liras. This battle also proved to be a failure since the price of exports increased. Due to this unemployment increased and firms and industries were not able to sell their goods as efficiently. This also caused the aim to increase economic influence to decrease since it had a negative effect of exports and unemployment. The Battle for Land was the third battle fought in order to increase economic power. This battle had mixed responses and could be seen as a success and failure. The Battle for Land attempted to control the migration to cities from the countrysides, which helped control unemployment. The Battle for Land was a success because of the Pointe Marshe in 1935 which served as good propaganda, helped decrease unemployment and also allowed for the control of subsidies to farmers. Pointe Marshe provided small farms and also increased public work, which called for employment. However it was also known as a failure because small plots of land were inefficiently utilized for a lot of wheat production. Also it did not help decrease the poverty of poor people. The economic problems in Italy that Mussolini tried to deal with through autarky were mainly a failure due to the failures of the battles. Another internal problem that Mussolini had to deal with was political problems. Mussolini wanted to obtain totalitarianism, however in order to this Mussolini had to deal with the Roman Catholic Church. This to an extent was a success, however tension between the Church and the state was never completely eradicated. In order to make relations with the Church better Mussolini allowed religious studies in education and also allowed the crucifix to be displayed in courts and classrooms. Also in order to gain support from the Church Mussolini had his children baptized and also had a church wedding in 1925 in order too show that he believed in the Church. The Church also accepted Mussolinis policy on abortions and contraception, in order to increase population. Mussolini also officially ended the tension by forming the Latern Pacts, which made the Vatican state independent, made Catholism the official religion of the state and also made education of cat holism mandatory in schools. This pact decreased tension between the church and Mussolini and allowed Mussolini to gain more power of the state. However despite the pact and decreased tension, conflict always remained between the Church and Mussolinis state. Mussolinis continued interference in catholic education in schools continued to be a problem between the church and the state and the Pope threatened to censure fascism. Another conflict between the state and the Church was relations with Nazi Germany in 1938, having to do with the views on anti-Semitism. The continued tension with the Church never allowed Mussolini to have full control over Italy, which added to his internal problems. The last internal problem that Italy had to deal with was social problems. Mussolini attempted to unify Italy and increase his popularity through propaganda since he did not have full control and poulatiry over the Italian people. Mussolini was most successful in dealing with social problems through Linquadramento and the idea of a corporative state. Linqadramento was an illusion that Mussolini created in order to unify Italy. Through this movement Mussolini increased their popularity and membership by providing support and financial aid during after the Depression from 1931 to 1937. This recovery from the deep depression of the postwar was remarkable and greatly aided the Fascists in winning favor and in establishing power., was the view of historian Clough. They also increased employment by inflicting a forty-hour workweek and allowing family compensations. These helpful acts during the Depression helped Mussolini gain support from more people, and allowed him to control more of the state. Also schemes such as the Pointe Marshe helped increase employment, which also helped Mussolini, gain support. Mussolini used propaganda through a policy called Corporative state, which also helped him gain support. The Corporative state advertised a state where there was no class system and all labors worked together. It also strived to make working conditions better and sought to help all laborers when they were in trouble by allowing them to share their concerns with their employers representatives who then shared them with Mussolini.